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1) Virtually all amino acid-based hormones exert their signaling effects through intracellular A) deactivating ions B) second messengers C) nucleotides D) calcium ANSWERV ¥ B) secondary messengers 2) Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) neural B) enzymatic C) humoral D) hormonal ANSWERV ¥ B) enzymatic 3) Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that travel through the blood and regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called A) hormones B) enzymes ©) antibodies D) proteins ANSWERV V A) hormones 4) Oxytocin A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) exerts its most important effects during menstruation C is an anterior pituitary secretion D) controls milk production ANSWERY V A) release is an example of a positive fecdback control mechanism. 5) Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts’? A) estrogen B) oxytocin C) progesterone D)prolactin ANSWERV ¥ D) prolactin 6) The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a truc endocrine gland because A) it is only a hormone storage arca that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release B) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional C) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location D) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release ANSWERVY 7) Steroid hormones exert their action by — A) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA B) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene C) binding cell receptors and initiating CAMP activity D) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones ANSWERV V B) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene C) melanocyte stimulating hormone and growth hormone; posterior pituitary hormones are released in response to circadian rhythms D) epinephrine and norepinephrine; posterior pituitary hormones are released following neural stimulation by the SNS E) ADH and oxytocin; posterior pituitary hormones are released following stimulation by hypothalamic releasing hormones ANSWER¥ V B) ADH and oxytocin; posterior pituitary hormones are released directly from the hypothalamus 12) Which of the following is true of the endocrine system? A) It responds rapidly to stimuli. B) It responds specifically to digestive stimuli. It communicates by the release of neurotransmitters. D) It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions. E) It responds with motor output. ANSWERV¥ ¥ D) It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions. 13) Endocrine cells A) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood. B) are modified connective tissue cells. C) are a type of nerve cell. D) contain few vesicles. E) release their secretions onto an epithelial surface. ANSWERV V A) release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood. 14) _are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues. A) Neurotransmitters B) Iormones C) Antigens D) Neuropeptides E) Humoral antibodies ANS WERV ¥V B) Hormones 15) Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger? A) insulin B) TSH C) epinephrine D) ACTII E cyclic AMP ANSWERVV E) cyclic AMP 16) The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually A) cGMP. B) adenyl cyclase. C) cAMP. D) calcium ion levels. E)aG protein. ANSWERV ¥V E)a G protein. 17) When adenyl cyclase is activated, A) ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed. B) CAMP is formed. C) CAMP is broken down. A) information from one eye is directly and immediately transferred to the other eye to maintain alignment of the eyes. B) sensory input from the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from cach cye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain C) A small portion of light always enters the other cye D) this in fact does not occur and information from both cyes is always separated ANSWERV ¥ B) sensory input [rom the retinas of both eyes converges at the optic chiasm and information from each eye is delivered to both the left and right sides of the brain 25) Color vision has much greater resolution than night vision (vision that is mostly in shades of gray). Which of the following is the best explanation for why this is so? A) There are several types of cone photoreceptors, cach of which enrich the clarity and rus - cur B) A single cone photoreceptor often connects to a single bipolar cell and a single ganglion Cunes better cell while as many as 100 rods will converge to a single ganglion cell. C) A larger proportion of the brain's visual cortex is active during the day when our cone photo receptors are most active. D) There are many more cone photoreceptors in the cye than rod photorcceptors. ANSWERVY 26) Tom is a 45-year-old male that has lost his ability to hear high frequency sounds. The most likely explanation for this would be A) middle ear infection B) damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct C) an overgrowth of bony tissue, fusing the ossicles together D) a perforated tympanic membrane ANS WERV ¥ B) damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct 27) What is the main function of the rods in the eye? A) depth perception C) color vision B) accommodation for near vision D) vision in dim light ANSWERV ¥ D) vision in dim light 28) What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye? A) aqueous humor B) cornea C) lens D) iris ANSWERV ¥ D) iris 29) Receptors for hearing are located in the _ A) cochlea C) vestibule B) semicircular canals D) tympanic membrane ANSWERVV A) cochlea 30) Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the A) skin B) nose C) eye D) ears ANSWERV ¥ C) eye 31) Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear? 35) Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by A) the movement of otoliths B) substances in solution C) stretching of the receptor cells D) movement of a cupula ANS WERV ¥ B) substances in solution 36) Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells? A) They are chemoreceptors. B) They have a short life span of about 60 days. C) They are ciliated. D) They are unipolar neurons. ANSWER¥V V D) They are unipolar neurons. 37) The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the A) medial rectus C) inferior oblique B) superior oblique D) lateral rectus ANSWERV ¥ C) inferior oblique 38) The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are A) gustatory hairs C) basal cells B) fungiform papillae D) taste buds ANSWERV ¥ D) taste buds 39) Light passes through the following structures in which order? A) cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor B) vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea C) aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor D) cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor ANS WERV ¥V D) cornca, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor 40) Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to A) open ion channels. B) bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites. C) be transported to the olfactory bulbs. D) respond to applied pressure. F) contact a basal cell. ANSWERV ¥ B) bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites. 41) Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the A) medial geniculate. B) cerebral cortex. C) medulla oblongata. D) olfactory bulb. E) olfactory tract. ANSWERV V D) olfactory bulb. 42) Olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the A) vomer. B) cribriform plate. C) sphenoid bone. A) retina: consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer B) sclera: covers most of the ocular surface while Jar C) anterior chamber: between the cornea and the iris D) posterior chamber: between the iris and the lens E) ciliary body: site of extrinsic eye muscle attachment. ANS WERV ¥ E) ciliary body: site of extrinsic eye muscle attachment. 47) Which cranial nerves provide taste sensations from the tongue? (Module 15.22A) A) Cranial nerves TIT, VII, IX, X, XT. B) Cranial nerves VI, VII, IX, XI. C) Cranial nerves VII, [X, and X. D) Cranial nerves I and II. F) Cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI. ANSWERV ¥ C) Cranial nerves VIL, IX, and X. 48) The space between the iris and the lens is the A) anterior chamber. B) scleral venous sinus. C) pupil. D) vitreous body. E) posterior chamber. ANS WERV ¥ E) posterior chamber. 49) The _ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye. A) cornea B) iris C) caruncle D) anterior chamber F) conjunctiva ANSWERV ¥ £) conjunctiva 50) The structure attached to the oval window that transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear is the A) basilar membrane. B) auditory tube. C) malleus. D) incus. E) stapes. ANSWERV ¥ E) stapes. 51) Choose the correct word from each pairing: The lacrimal gland is located (inferior, superior) and (lateral, medial) to the eye. (Figure 17-4) A) inferior; medial C) superior; medial B) inferior; lateral D) superior; lateral ANSWERV V D) superior; lateral 52) The tympanic cavity and auditory ossicles are found in which anatomical region of the ear? (Figure 17-21) A) vestibule of car B) middle car C) external ear D) temporal ear K) internal ear ANSWERV ¥ B) middle ear D) short; myelinated F) long; myelinated ANSWERV V D) short; myelinated 59) Short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers. ANSWERV V B) sympathetic 60) Active after you have eaten a meal. ANSWER¥ V A) parasympathetic 61) Stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye, which makes the lens bulge for close vision. ANSWERVYV A) sympathetic 65) Which area of the graph shows when graded hyperpolarization is occurring? A)l B)2 o3 D) 4 ANSWERV ¥ 66) Which area of the graph shows the membrane potential if potassium ions were freely permeability to the plasma membrane’? A)l B)2 C)3 D)4 ANSWERVY 67) Which point of the graph shows when potassium ion outflow exceeds sodium ion inflow? ANSWERV V 3 Auditory area ANSWERV V temporal lobe 19) primary somatosensory cortex ANSWER¥ ¥ parietal lobe 20) Primary (somatic) motor cortex ANSWERV ¥ frontal lobe 21) Motor speech (Broca's) area. ANSWERV ¥ frontal lobe 23) Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division ANSWERV V D) parasympathetic division 24) An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the A) visual association area B) primary visual cortex C) calearine cortex D) lateral geniculate body ANSWERV V A) visual association area Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? A) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex B) posterior association area C) prefrontal cortex (anterior association area) D) limbic association area ANSWERV ¥ C) prefrontal cortex (anterior association area) 30) Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A) hemorrhage B) contusion C) concussion D) swelling ANSWERV ¥ C) concussion 31) Broca's arca A)is considered a motor speech arca B) is usually found only in the right hemisphere C) serves the recognition of complex objects D) controls voluntary movements of the eyes swelling ANSWERV ¥ A)is considered a motor speech area 32) Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called A)fissures B)ganglia C)gyri D)sulci ANSWERV V C)gyri 33) When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following iS likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell’? A) Chemically gated chloride channels will open. B) Chemically gated sodium channels will open. C) Chemically gated potassium channels will open. D) Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed. ANSWERV V B) Chemically gated sodium channels will open. 34) The lateral sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from parietal C) temporal from parietal B) frontal from temporal D) parietal from occipital ANSWERV V B) frontal from temporal 35) Which of the following is NOT a function of the autonomic nervous system? A) innervation of skeletal muscle B) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract C) innervation of glands D) innervation of cardiac muscle ANSWERV V A) innervation of skeletal muscle 36) An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? A) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. 
