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A comprehensive set of questions and answers related to lipids, covering their structure, classification, digestion, and metabolism. It is particularly useful for students studying animal nutrition and physiology, as it delves into the role of lipids in ruminant animals. Key concepts such as fatty acid classification, biohydrogenation in the rumen, and the importance of essential fatty acids.
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hydrophobic
Lipids are _______________ in nature
difficulties during digestion and absorption
Lipids being hydrophobic creates...
Lipids contain more ___________ per one gram when compared to carbohydrates
C-H is converted to ________ in the body
fatty acid
Which provides more energy: fatty acid or glucose?
increase
Adding lipids to the diet will ____________ energy concentrations in the diet
lipid
Which contains more energy: lipid or protein?
lipids
What is the body's main/preferred energy source?
vitamin D
Cholesterol is converted to _______________ when we are exposed to UV rays
glycerol-based and non-glycerol based
What are the two major classes of lipids?
simple and compound
What are the two classes of glycerol-based lipids?
forages
Compound lipids such as glycolipids and phospholipids are found in what type of feedstuffs?
a carboxyl group and a hydrocarbon chain
Fatty acids are made of:
carboxyl and methyl
What are the two terminal ends of a fatty acid?
alpha
The carboxyl end is the ___________ end
omega
The methyl end is the __________ end
length (# of carbons) and type of bonds
Fatty acids are classified based on...
increases
As chain length increases, melting point ___________.
saturated and unsaturated
Two classifications of fatty acids...
solid
Saturated fatty acids are __________ at room temperature
liquid
Unsaturated fatty acids are ________ at room temperature
unsaturated
Which fatty acid has double bonds: saturated or unsaturated
decreases
As the number of double bonds increase, melting point _____________.
methyl
The omega system starting carbon numbering from ________ end
carboxyl
The delta system starts carbon numbering from the __________ end
essential fatty acids
Fatty acids that must be obtained in the diet as the body cannot synthesize them in adequate quantities
linoleic and linolenic acid
Essential fatty acids for most of the animals
nonessential fatty acids
Fatty acids that the body can synthesize in adequate quantities. Therefore, obtaining them in the diet is not essential
arachidonic acid
Essential fatty acids for cats
delta- 6 - desaturase
Cat do not have this enzyme to convert linoleic into arachidonic acid
linoleic and linolenic acid
Fatty acids abundant in plants
arachidonic acid
Fatty acids only found in meat or fish
linolenic acid
18:3 omega-3 fatty acid
linoleic acid
18:2 omega-6 fatty acid
omega- 3
Fish are rich in what type of fatty acids?
triglycerides
Primary form of lipids in diet is
ester bond
What connects a fatty acid to the glycerol backbone?
Lingual lipase is secreted from the Ebner's gland on to the ___________.
decreases
What happens to lingual lipase after weaning?
calf
Which animal has more lingual lipase: cow or calf?
DAG and FFA
Lingual lipase breaks down TAG into ________ and ___________
cheif cells
Where is gastric lipase secreted from?
stomach
Where does lipid digestion start in adult animals?
DAG and FFA
Gastric lipase breaks down TAG into __________ and ____________
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Chyme entering the duodenum stimulates the secretion of...
Stimulate production and release of bile from their respective organs
What are the functions of CCK?
liver
Where is bile produced?
gall bladder
Where is bile stored?
emulsification
Bile breaks down large globules of lipids into smaller droplets through a process called
increases
Bile _________ the efficiency of lipid digestion
Form mixed micelle
How do MAG and FFA make it to the brush border?
bile acids, phospholipids, cholesterol, MAG, and FFA
What is a mixed micelle composed of?
simple diffusion
What type of transportation is fatty acid absorption?
blood
Short and medium chain fatty acids cross the basolateral membrane by simple diffusion and then enter the ___________
Inside the enterocyte long chain fatty acids combine with glycerol to form ______
protein, cholesterol, phospholipids, and TAG
What is a chylomicron composed of?
amphiphilic
Inside the enterocyte TAG combine with __________ compounds such protein, cholesterol, and phospholipids
lymphatic system
Chylomicrons carrying TAG are then absorbed from enterocytes to the ___________ _________
blood
The lymphatic vessels will eventually transfer chylomicrons to the ___________
unsaturated fatty acids
Too much of what type of fatty acids are toxic to rumen microbes?
We do not feed more than ____ of DM fat in the diet of cows
low
Ruminants diets are low of high in fat.
unsaturated
Fats in the diet of ruminants are rich in _________________ fatty acids
cellulolytic bacteria
Unsaturated fatty acids are toxic to which type of rumen bacteria?
The fatty acids need to a free carboxylic end (Needs to be a free fatty acid)
What is a prerequisite for isomerization to occur?
Can isomerization occur to a fatty acid still bound to the glycerol backbone?
cis double bonds are converted into trans double bonds
What occurs during isomerization?
hydrogenation
When hydrogens are added to the unsaturated double bond it then becomes a saturated (single bond) via a process called...
False
T/F: The fatty acid that enters the rumen matches the one utilized by the ruminant
treat fat with formaldehyde, making calcium salts of fatty acids, and encapsulation of fatty acids
How can we protect unsaturated fatty acids in feed from biohydrogenation in the rumen? During isomerization it is converted into CLA 18:2 trans-10 cis-12.
What happens to linoleic acid under low rumen conditions?
It inhibits milk fat synthesis
Why is it bad for a dairy cow to absorb and transport CLA 18:2 trans-10 cis-12 to the mammary gland?
No because biohydrogenation in the rumen will always transform unsaturated fatty acids into saturated fatty acids
Can we feed omega-3 fatty acids to ruminants and except to see an increase of omega-3 fatty acids in their meat?
formaldehyde
Bacterial lipases cannot digest lipids treated with _______________.
nutrient metabolism
The sum of all reactions that are involved in the utilization of absorbed nutrients in the body
catabolism
Generation of ATP involves nutrient breakdown, therefore it represents ______________
insulin
When blood glucose increases it stimulates the secretion of....
Stimulates glucose uptake by muscle and adipose tissue
What is the purpose of insulin?
pancreas
Where is insulin secreted from?
It increases the abundance and activity of GLUT 4 in the cell membranes of muscle and adipose cells.
How does insulin stimulate glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells?
Hexokinase converts glucose into glucose- 6 - phosphate
How do muscle and adipose cells keep glucose inside the cell?
Glucose is utilized primarily for ______ production
Stored a glycogen and fat
What happens if there is extra glucose in a cell? (The needs of ATP production have been met)
ATP production, glycogen synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis
What are the three fates of glucose- 6 - phosphate?
aerobic cellular respiration
ATP production when oxygen supply is adequate
Anaerobic cellular respiration
ATP production when oxygen supply is limited
glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
What is the three step process of ATP production from glucose in the presence of oxygen?
cell's cytoplasm
Where does glycolysis take place?
ATP and NADH
What is produced from glycolysis?
