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Ap European History Practice Exam
Questions with Answers and Rationale
The Renaissance marks the beginning of the modern era in large part due to the development of all of the following EXCEPT a. the foundations of capitalism were laid at this time b. individualism emerged as a trend c. trade with the new western world began trend of Global trade d. scientific thought emerged with an emphasis on the scientific method e. northern Europe began to dominate southern europe - Answer>> E. Northern Europe did not dominate southern Europe until the decline of Spain in the 17th century " Geography is Destiny" proved true for the Italians of the 14th and 15th centuries for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. their proximity to he Mediterranean b. the establishment of overland trade with Asia c. their role as the "middlemen" of Europe d. their ability to adapt to victimization by more united peoples e. their seagoing trade with the eastern Mediterranean - Answer>> B. Analysis of all other answers support the statement
Which of the following was NOT an effect of the Hundred Years War? a. a significant decrease in the population b. a series of peasant rebellions c. the unification of Castile and Aragon d. a more politically unified France e. an economically weaker England - Answer>> C. The unification of the Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon had nothing to do with the Hundred Years War: Castile and Aragon were unified by the marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand in 1469.The other four choices are incorrect because they were effects of the Hundred Years War. The Black Death refers a. to the ruthlessness of the Norman Kings of England b. refers to the outbreak of plague in Europe that killed between one-quarter and one-third of the population between 1347 and 1352 c. refers to the Spanish Inquisition d.was a fifteenth-century phenomenon e.increased the authority of traditional European institutions like the Church and the nobility - Answer>> B. The Black Death refers to the outbreak of plague in Europe that killed between one-quarter
not cardinals in the Church and their movement was not one of reunification. Choice B is incorrect because, although the socalled Counter- Reformation also had reform as one of its goals, it increasingly came to be concerned with stamping out Protestantism and was also not a movement particular to the cardinals. Choice C is incorrect because the Inquisition was an instrument of the Church invented in Spain to enforce the conversion of Muslims and Jews, and later used to root out Protestants. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the Court of the Star Chamber was an instrument used by the early Tudor kings of England to curb the power of the nobility and had nothing to do with Church reform. Which of the following is NOT a way in which fifteenth-century armies differed from their predecessors? a.They were commanded by officers of noble birth. b.They were composed of mercenary soldiers. c.They fought for pay and spoils rather than honor and feudal obligation. d.They relied on artillery and infantry more than on cavalry. e.They created a greater need for taxes. - Answer>> A. The commanding of armies by men of noble birth was a continuous aspect of European armies that
did not change until the nineteenth century. Choices B-E are incorrect because these are all ways in which fifteenth-century armies did differ from their predecessors. Of the fifteenth-century attempts by monarchs to consolidate and centralize power, the most successful was in a. England b. France c. Germany d. Italy e. Spain - Answer>> E. Spain's Isabella and Ferdinand were most successful at consolidating and centralizing political power in the fifteenth century, as they were able to use their control of the Church and the combined wealth of Castile and Aragon to curb the power of the nobility and enforce uniform loyalty to the crown. Choice A is incorrect because in England the process of centralization was delayed by an internal power struggle between two rival branches of the royal family known as the War of the Roses, though some progress was made after Henry Tudor came to power in 1485. Choice B is incorrect because France did make progress in consolidating and centralizing power, second only to Spain, but French progress was delayed by the need to subdue the powerful Duke of Burgundy,
the voyages of Columbus were sponsored by the Spanish monarchy. The era of daring exploration and discovery at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries was inspired by a. the Reformation b. the invention of the steam engine c. the need to escape the Black Death d. the search for gold and competition for the spice trade e. the successful circumnavigation of the globe by the Magellan expedition - Answer>> D. It was the search for gold and competition for the spice trade between Spain and Portugal that provided the inspiration for the era of daring exploration and discovery at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries. Choice A is incorrect because the Reformation's focus was internal to Europe and had nothing to do with exploration outside European borders. Choice B is incorrect because the steam engine was not widely used to power ships until the nineteenth century, not in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Choice C is also incorrect not only because the timing is wrong—the Black Death was a fourteenth-century phenomenon that had ended by the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century time period mentioned in the question— but also
because it was a sickness that killed much of the population of Europe and crippled Europe's economy and had nothing to do with exploring the rest of the world beyond Europe. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the successful circumnavigation of the globe by the Magellan expedition was an example and, in some ways, a culmination of the era of exploration and discovery, but it was not its inspiration. Which of the following was NOT an effect of the creation of a Spanish Empire in the New World? a. inflation in the economy of Europe b. the establishment of Roman Catholicism in the New World c. the rise of a wealthy merchant class in Europe d. the establishment of a hierarchical social structure in Europe e. the establishment of a system of economic dependence between Europe and the New World - Answer>> D. The hierarchical social structure of Europe was not a result of the creation of a Spanish Empire in the New World; that social structure dates back to the early medieval period. Choice A is incorrect because the influx of new wealth from Spain's New World Empire did cause inflation in Europe. Choice B is incorrect because the creation of Spain's New World Empire also involved
(choice B) that competed with each other commercially (choice E) meant that the traditional nobility was less powerful and that social status was less hierarchical and based on occupation (choice D). All these factors allowed for the development of the individual ambition and civic pride that characterized Renaissance values and ideals. Which of the following is NOT a Renaissance value? a.mastery of ancient languages b.patronage of the arts c.scholarly achievement d.proficiency in the military arts e.civic duty - Answer>> D. Proficiency in the military arts had been a traditional value of the nobility of medieval Europe, but it was downplayed in the Renaissance. The other choices are values particular to the Renaissance. Renaissance humanism a.devalued mastery of ancient languages b.urged the development of a single talent to perfection c.valued ancient philosophers as the final authorities on all matters d.denied the existence of God e.valued scholarship for its own sake and for the glory it brought the city-state - Answer>> E.
Renaissance humanism did indeed value scholarship. In contrast, choice A is incorrect because Renaissance humanism did not devalue the mastery of ancient languages; in contrast, it sought to revive and encourage such learning of Greek and Latin, for example. Choice B is incorrect because Renaissance humanism emphasized well- roundedness, not just the perfection of a single talent (think of today's use of the term "Renaissance man"). Choice C is incorrect because, although Renaissance humanists respected the ancient philosophers, they did not view them as the final authorities but instead believed they could enter into conversation with and eventually surpass them. Finally, choice D is incorrect because Renaissance humanists did not deny the existence of God at all: In contrast, they believed that all of man's abilities were gifts from God that should be developed to the fullest. The belief that by cultivating the finest qualities of their beings, human beings could commune with God was a conclusion of a.guildsmen b. neoplatonists c. the lay piety movement d.the Catholic Church in Renaissance Italy
triggered the spread of the Renaissance to the rest of Europe, but it did not contribute to the Renaissance artistic achievement. Choice A is incorrect because the Renaissance popes were motivated by Renaissance ideals to patronize the arts, so they were a factor contributing to artistic achievement. Similarly, choice C is incorrect because the popes' elite counterparts in other city- states were also motivated to patronize the arts, so they were also a factor contributing to artistic achievement. Choice D is incorrect because the apprentice system helped increase the number of artists, which therefore led to more artistic works, increased ability to mix the techniques of various artistic media (e.g., painting and sculpting), and greater artistic achievement. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the commissioning of artistic works by specific business contracts meant that there was an unprecedented call for Renaissance artists. Which of the following did NOT enable the spread of the Renaissance? a.the Treaty of Lodi b.Milan's invitation to Charles VIII to bring troops to Italy c.the printing press
d.students and teachers migrating in and out of the Italian peninsula e.the lay piety movement - Answer>> A. The Treaty of Lodi, signed in the mid-fifteenth century, established a balance of power that helped keep other European powers out of the Italian peninsula, which therefore inhibited rather than enabled the spread of the Renaissance. Choice B is incorrect because Milan's invitation to Charles VIII to bring troops to Italy helped shatter that balance of power and isolation at the end of the fifteenth century, which then began a series of events that did lead to the spread of the Renaissance. Choice C is incorrect because the invention of the printing press helped spread Renaissance ideas elsewhere in Europe. Choice D is incorrect because students and teachers who migrated in and out of the Italian peninsula also helped spread Renaissance ideas. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the lay piety movement associated learning with pious behavior, which also helped spread Renaissance ideas. Renaissance art a.was characterized by the severe specialization of its artists b.was characterized by religious subject matter c.abandoned painting in favor of sculpture
e.all of the above - Answer>> E. All of the answer choices are true: Choices A, B, and C are accurate and constitute the ways in which northern humanism helped to bring about the Reformation, thus choice D is also true. Which of the following was NOT one of the problems facing the Christian Church in the sixteenth century? a.the pope's status as ruler of the Papal States b.its use of Latin in the mass and in the printed Bible c.an increasingly literate population d.its inability to tend to the physical needs of the poor e.its inability to tend to the emotional and spiritual needs of the population - Answer>> D. Choice D is the correct answer because the Church's network of poor relief was functioning as well as it ever had and was not, therefore, the problem. Choices A-C were all problems the Church faced. Choice A is not correct because the pope's status as ruler of the Papal States meant that the Church was constantly embroiled in the politics of the peninsula, thereby alienating Italians who lived in other city-states. Choice B is not correct because the Church's use of Latin, a language that only the elite could read, angered and alienated people. Similarly, choice C is incorrect because people were increasingly able to read the vernacular, but they still could not read
Latin. Finally, choice E is incorrect because the Church was unable to tend to the emotional and spiritual needs of the population. Which of the following was part of Luther's theology? a.a belief in the need to create a Protestant Church b.the notion that nature could serve as a guide to salvation c.the idea that salvation came only through faith d.the assertion that charitable works were necessary to go to heaven e.the belief that the poor should be given more social and political power - Answer>> C. Luther's conclusion that salvation comes only through faith rather than through grace and good works as the Church argued, is the foundation of his theology. Choice A is incorrect because Luther's goal was to reform the Church, not to break with it. Choice B is incorrect because Luther believed that only scripture could give knowledge of how to achieve salvation. Choice D is incorrect because the Roman Church held that charitable works could help gain entrance into heaven; Luther disagreed. Choice E is incorrect because Luther did not advocate a change in the social or political order and denounced the peasant revolts.
a.ended the war between the Church and the Protestant princes b.established Henry VIII's right to establish the Church of England c.established Geneva as the stronghold of Calvinism d.unified the German principalities under the Holy Roman Emperor e.established the principle of "he who rules; his religion" - Answer>> E. The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty signed by the German princes that established the principle of "he who rules; his religion," thereby guaranteeing that they would not go to war with each other over the issue of religion. Choice A is incorrect because there was no war between the Church and the Protestant princes. Choice B is incorrect because the Peace of Augsburg was an agreement between the German princes and was not connected to the English Reformation. Choice C is incorrect because Geneva became the center of Calvinism because Calvin settled there and because the male population voted to become Protestant. Choice D is incorrect because, although the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by a group of the most powerful German princes, the process had no connection to the Peace of Augsburg.
The theology of Calvin differs from Luther's in which of the following ways? a.the belief that scripture alone is the guide to salvation b.the belief that salvation is earned by faith alone c.the belief that the church hierarchy is unwarranted and harmful d.the belief that some have been predestined for salvation e.the belief that the Bible should be printed in the vernacular - Answer>> D. The doctrine of predestination, which said that only a group known as the elect would enjoy God's salvation, was a theological conviction of Calvin and his followers; Luther taught that all who came to have true faith were saved. The other four answers are all theological beliefs that were shared by Luther and Calvin. The uprising and subsequent repression of the Anabaptists illustrates all of the following EXCEPT a.the poorer classes understood the teachings of Protestantism to mean that the existing social hierarchy should be overthrown b.the Catholic Church still had the power to crush its opposition c.property-owning Protestant reformers were not looking to reform the social order
