Download APHY 101 Ch 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Ivy Tech Exam with verified solutions and more Exams Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!
APHY |! 101 |! Ch |! 1: |! An |! Introduction |! to |!
the |! Human |! Body |! Ivy |! Tech |! Exam |! with
|! verified |! solutions
Anatomy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Studies |! the |! structure |! of |! body |! parts |! and |! their |! relationships |! to |! one |! another. Physiology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Concerns |! the |! function |! of |! the |! body, |! in |! other |! words, |! how |! the |! body |! parts |! work |! and |! carry |! out |! their |! life |! sustaining |! activities. |! Often |! focuses |! on |! cellular |! and |! molecular |! level. Gross |! or |! Macroscopic |! Anatomy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Study |! of |! large |! body |! structures |! visible |! to |! naked |! eye |! (ex: |! heart, |! lungs, |! kidneys). Regional |! Anatomy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔All |! structures |! in |! a |! particular |! region |! of |! the |! body, |! ex: |! abdomen, |! leg Systemic |! Antomy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Body |! structure |! is |! studied |! system |! by |! system, |! ex: |! cardiovascular |! system, |! you |! would |! examine |! the |! heart |! and |! blood |! vessels |! of |! the |! entire |! body. Microscopic |! Anatomy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Deals |! with |! structures |! too |! small |! to |! be |! seen |! with |! the |! naked |! eye.
Cytology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Studies |! cells |! of |! the |! body. Histology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Studies |! microscopic |! tissues |! of |! the |! body. Developmental |! Anatomy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Traces |! structural |! changes |! that |! occur |! throughout |! the |! life |! span. Embryology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Subdivision |! of |! developmental |! anatomy, |! concerns |! developmental |! changes |! that |! occur |! before |! birth. Principle |! of |! complementarity |! of |! structure |! and |! function |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Anatomy |! and |! physiology |! are |! inseparable |! because |! function |! always |! reflects |! structure. |! What |! a |! structure |! can |! do |! depends |! on |! its |! specific |! form. Levels |! of |! structural |! organization |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔-chemical -cellular -tissue -organ -organ |! system -organismal Chemical |! Level |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Simplest |! level |! of |! structural |! hierarchy. |! Atoms, |! tiny |! building |! blocks |! of |! matter, |! combine |! to |! form |! molecules. |!
Organismal |! Level |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Highest |! level |! of |! organization, |! represents |! the |! sum |! total |! of |! all |! structural |! levels |! working |! together |! to |! keep |! us |! alive. necessary |! life |! functions |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Maintain |! boundaries, |! movement, |! responsiveness, |! digestion, |! metabolism, |! dispose |! of |! wastes, |! reproduction, |! growth maintain |! boundaries |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔internal |! environment |! remains |! distinct |! from |! the |! external |! environment Movement |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔contractility |! (ability |! to |! move |! by |! shortening) move |! body |! parts |! or |! substances |! though |! body Responsiveness |! or |! excitability |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! ability |! to |! sense |! changes |! (stimuli) |! in |! the |! environment |! and |! then |! respond |! to |! them. Which |! system |! is |! most |! involved |! with |! responsiveness? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Because |! nerve |! cells |! are |! highly |! excitable |! and |! communicate |! rapidly |! with |! each |! other, |! the |! nervous |! system |! is |! most |! involved |! with |! responsiveness. |! All |! body |! cells |! are |! excitable |! to |! some |! extent. Digestion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Breaking |! down |! of |! ingested |! food |! stuffs |! to |! simple |! molecules |! that |! can |! be |! absorbed |! into |! the |! blood.
Metabolism |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Broad |! term |! includes |! all |! chemical |! reactions |! that |! occur |! within |! body |! cells. excretion |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Removal |! of |! wastes |! from |! metabolism |! and |! digestion Ex: |! urea, |! carbon |! dioxide, |! feces reproduction |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cellular |! division |! for |! growth |! or |! repair Production |! of |! offspring growth |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Increase |! in |! size |! of |! a |! body |! part |! or |! of |! organism hypertrophy |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔increase |! in |! cell |! size hyperplasia |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔increase |! in |! number |! of |! cells integumentary |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Protects |! the |! body |! as |! a |! whole |! from |! the |! external |! environment. |! Forms |! the |! external |! body |! covering, |! and |! protects |! deeper |! tissues |! from |! injury. |! Synthesizes |! vitamin |! D, |! and |! houses |! cutaneous |! (pain, |! pressure, |! etc) |! receptors |! and |! sweat |! and |! oil |! glands. urinary |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eliminates |! nitrogenous |! wastes |! and |! excess |! ions |! from |! the |! body. |! Regulates |! water, |! electrolyte |! and |! acid |! base |! balance |! of |! the |! blood.
Maintains |! posture, |! and |! produces |! heat. lymphatic |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Picks |! up |! fluid |! leaked |! from |! blood |! vessels and |! returns |! it |! to |! blood. |! Disposes of |! debris |! in |! the |! lymphatic |! stream. Houses |! white |! blood |! cells |! (lymphocytes) involved |! in |! immunity. |! The |! immune response |! mounts |! the |! attack |! against foreign |! substances |! within |! the |! body. reproductive |! system |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Overall |! function |! is |! production |! of |! offspring. |! Testes |! produce |! sperm |! and |! male |! sex |! hormone, |! and |! male |! ducts |! and |! glands |! aid |! in |! delivery |! of |! sperm |! to |! the |! female |! reproductive |! tract. |! Ovaries |! produce |! eggs |! and |! female |! sex |! hormones. |! The |! remaining |! female |! structures |! serve |! as |! sites |! for |! fertilization |! and |! development |! of |! the |! fetus. |! Mammary |! glands |! of |! female |! breasts |! produce |! milk |! to |! nourish |! the |! newborn. survival |! needs |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔in |! appropriate |! amounts |! necessary |! for |! life |!
- |! too |! little |! or |! too |! much |! is |! harmful Nutrients |! Oxygen Water |! (appropriate |! hydrostatic |! pressure) Normal |! body |! temperature Appropriate |! atmospheric |! pressure
Nutrients |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Taken |! in |! via |! the |! diet, |! contain |! the |! chemical |! substances |! used |! for |! energy |! and |! cell |! building. |! Carbohydrates, |! proteins, |! fats, |! vitamins, |! minerals Oxygen |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Accounts |! for |! approx |! 20% |! of |! the |! air |! we |! breathe. |! Essential |! for |! ATP |! production Water |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Accounts |! for |! 60-80% |! of |! our |! body |! weight |! and |! is |! the |! single |! most |! abundant |! chemical |! substance |! in |! the |! body. Normal |! body |! temperature |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔98.6° |! F Atmospheric |! pressure |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! force |! that |! air |! exerts |! on |! the |! surface |! of |! the |! body. Homeostasis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Maintenance |! of |! relatively |! stable |! internal |! conditions |! despite |! continuous |! changes |! in |! environment. |! Aka |! dynamic |! state |! of |! equilibrium |! or |! balance. What |! is |! essential |! to |! maintain |! homeostasis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Communication |! within |! the |! body |! to |! monitor |! and |! regulate. |! All |! three |! components |! (receptor, |! control |! center, |! and |! effector) |! must |! be |! functional |! to |! maintain |! homeostasis.
Body |! temperature |! and |! blood |! sugar |! are |! regulated |! by |! what? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Negative |! feedback |! mechanism some |! variables |! regulated |! by |! negative |! feedback |! mechanisms |! to |! maintain |! homeostasis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔core |! body |! temperature, |! blood |! glucose, |! plasma |! calcium, |! amount |! of |! oxygen |! and |! carbon |! dioxide |! in |! blood, |! blood |! pressure, |! volume |! of |! body |! water Main |! goal |! for |! negative |! feedback |! mechanisms? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔To |! prevent |! sudden |! severe |! changes |! within |! the |! body. Positive |! feedback |! mechanisms |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! result |! or |! response |! enhances |! the |! original |! stimulus |! so |! that |! the |! response |! is |! accelerated. |! The |! change |! that |! results |! proceeds |! in |! the |! same |! direction |! as |! the |! initial |! change, |! causing |! the |! variable |! to |! deviate |! further |! and |! further |! from |! its |! original |! value |! or |! range. Positive |! feedback |! mechanisms |! control... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Infrequent |! events |! that |! do |! not |! require |! continuous |! adjustments. |! Often |! referred |! to |! as |! cascades. |! Ex: |! labor |! contractions |! and |! blood |! clotting. Homeostatic |! imbalance |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Disturbance |! in |! homeostasis. |! Occurs |! when |! the |! usual |! negative |! feedback |! mechanisms |! are |! overwhelmed |! and |! destructive |! positive |! feedback |! mechanisms |! take |! over. Anatomical |! position |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Standard |! anatomical |! reference |! point, |! the |! body |! is |! erect |! with |! feet |! slightly |! apart. |! It |! resembles |! "standing |! at |!
attention", |! except |! the |! palms |! face |! forward |! and |! the |! thumbs |! point |! away |! from |! the |! body. Directional |! terms |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Explains |! where |! one |! body |! structure |! is |! in |! relation |! to |! another. superior |! (cranial) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔toward |! the |! head |! end |! or |! upper |! part |! of |! a |! structure |! or |! the |! body; |! above inferior |! (caudal) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔away |! from |! the |! head |! end |! or |! toward |! the |! lower |! part |! of |! a |! structure |! or |! the |! body; |! below anterior |! (ventral) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔toward |! or |! at |! the |! front |! end |! of |! the |! body; |! in |! front |! of posterior |! (dorsal) |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔toward |! or |! at |! the |! back |! end |! of |! the |! body; |! behind medial |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔toward |! or |! at |! the |! midline |! of |! the |! body; |! on |! the |! inner |! side |! of lateral |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔away |! from |! the |! midline |! of |! the |! body; |! on |! the |! outer |! side |! of intermediate |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔between |! a |! more |! medial |! and |! a |! more |! lateral |! structure
Sagittal |! plane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Vertical |! plane |! that |! divides |! the |! body |! into |! right |! and |! left |! parts. Median |! or |! midsagittal |! plane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Sagittal |! plane |! that |! lies |! exactly |! in |! the |! midline. Parasagittal |! plane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔All |! other |! sagittal |! planes, |! offset |! from |! the |! midline. Frontal |! plane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Like |! sagittal |! planes, |! lie |! vertically. |! Divides |! the |! body |! into |! anterior |! and |! posterior |! parts. Coronal |! plane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Aka |! frontal |! plane Transverse |! or |! horizontal |! plane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Runs |! horizontally |! from |! right |! to |! left, |! dividing |! body |! into |! superior |! and |! inferior |! parts. Transverse |! section |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Aka |! cross |! section Oblique |! sections |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Cut |! made |! diagonally |! between |! the |! horizontal |! and |! vertical |! planes. |! Oblique |! sections |! seldom |! used. Dorsal |! body |! cavity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Protects |! the |! fragile |! nervous |! system |! organs, |! has |! two |! subdivisions: |! cranial |! cavity |! and |! vertebral |! or |! spinal |! cavity.
Cranial |! cavity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Skull, |! encased |! the |! brain. Vertebral |! or |! spinal |! cavity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Runs |! within |! the |! bony |! vertebral |! column, |! encloses |! the |! delicate |! spinal |! cord. Ventral |! body |! cavity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Anterior |! and |! larger |! of |! the |! closed |! body |! cavities. |! Has |! two |! major |! subdivisions: |! thoracic |! cavity |! and |! abdominopelvic |! cavity. |! Ventral |! body |! cavity |! houses |! internal |! organs. Viscera |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Internal |! organs, |! aka |! visceral |! organs. Thoracic |! cavity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Superior |! subdivision, |! surrounded |! by |! the |! ribs |! and |! muscles |! of |! the |! chest. The |! thoracic |! cavity |! is |! divided |! into |! how |! many |! cavities? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Two: |! (1) |! lateral |! pleural |! cavities |! each |! enveloping |! a |! lung, |! and |! the |! (2) |! medial |! mediastinum |! which |! encloses |! the |! heart |! and |! surrounds |! the |! remaining |! thoracic |! organs |! (esophagus, |! trachea |! and |! others). Pericardial |! cavity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Inside |! the |! mediastinum |! and |! encloses |! the |! heart |! and |! surrounds |! the |! remaining |! thoracic |! organs |! (esophagus, |! trachea |! and |! others). Abdominopelvic |! cavity |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Has |! two |! parts. |! The |! superior |! portion, |! the |! abdominal |! cavity, |! contains |! the |! stomach, |! intestines, |! spleen, |! liver, |! and |! other |! organs. |! The |! inferior |! part, |! the |! pelvic |! cavity, |! lies |! in |! the |! bony
Middle |! ear |! cavities |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Located |! in |! the |! skull |! and |! lie |! just |! medial |! to |! the |! eardrum. |! These |! cavities |! contain |! tiny |! bones |! that |! transmit |! sound |! vibrations |! to |! the |! hearing |! receptors |! in |! the |! inner |! ears. Synovial |! cavities |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Joint |! cavities. |! They |! are |! enclosed |! within |! fibrous |! capsules |! that |! surround |! freely |! movable |! joints |! of |! the |! body |! (ex |! elbow |! and |! knee |! joints). Physiology |! is |! explained |! by... |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Chemical |! and |! physical |! principles. The |! body |! contains |! how |! many |! major |! closed |! cavities? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Two: |! dorsal |! & |! ventral Abdominopelvic |! cavity |! may |! be |! divided |! into: |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 4 |! planes |! into |! 9 |! abdominopelvic |! regions, |! or |! by |! 2 |! planes |! into |! 4 |! quadrants
