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(APHY 101) FINAL Exam 2025 – Complete
Study Guide (Verified Questions &
Answers)
Signs of aging at the cellular level are: - CORRECT ANSWER impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts. The elbow is distal to the wrist. - CORRECT ANSWER False The ears are lateral to the eyes. - CORRECT ANSWER True Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? - CORRECT ANSWER Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems A decomposition reaction can be symbolized by - CORRECT ANSWER AB → A + B. A parietal layer of a serous membrane _______, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane ________. - CORRECT ANSWER lines cavities; covers organs The three major parts of a cell are - CORRECT ANSWER the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not. - CORRECT ANSWER False In negative feedback mechanisms changes away from the normal state
- CORRECT ANSWER stimulate changes in the opposite direction. Chemistry is important to the study of physiology because - CORRECT ANSWER all of the above. Consider the following list of commonly found items and their pH values: Which of the choices includes all acids? - CORRECT ANSWER Vinegar, grapes, tomatoes, and coffee In phagocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER a cell membrane engulfs solid particles. Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? - CORRECT ANSWER Facilitated diffusion An organic compound always contains - CORRECT ANSWER carbon and hydrogen. Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. - CORRECT ANSWER have more single carbon-carbon bonds The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of
- CORRECT ANSWER Neutrons Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER All of the above
If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside, - CORRECT ANSWER water will leave the cell by osmosis. Homeostasis is the - CORRECT ANSWER tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. Nucleic acids are - CORRECT ANSWER composed of building blocks called nucleotides. Metabolism is defined as _____. - CORRECT ANSWER all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of - CORRECT ANSWER hydrogen bonds. The number of protons in an atom of an element always equals its atomic weight. - CORRECT ANSWER False A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type is - CORRECT ANSWER totipotent. Cancer can result if - CORRECT ANSWER mitosis is too frequent or does not stop. The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities are in the dorsal cavity. - CORRECT ANSWER False Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move. - CORRECT ANSWER True
Cells lose water when placed in a __________ solution. - CORRECT ANSWER Hypertonic A selectively permeable membrane - CORRECT ANSWER allows some substances to pass through and excludes others. When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? - CORRECT ANSWER The palms are facing backward. Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in - CORRECT ANSWER Glycolysis Transcription and translation differ in that - CORRECT ANSWER transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein. If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is - CORRECT ANSWER AGTCCGATAAGGGC. Which of the following is not true regarding RNA? - CORRECT ANSWER It is double-stranded. An enzyme is - CORRECT ANSWER a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
ATP is important to cellular processes because it - CORRECT ANSWER provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken. Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size? - CORRECT ANSWER nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues?
- CORRECT ANSWER Eye tissue The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is - CORRECT ANSWER simple squamous epithelium. A _______ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body. - CORRECT ANSWER Mucous Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are - CORRECT ANSWER skeletal muscle cells only. Epithelial tissue functions in - CORRECT ANSWER secretion, absorption, and protection. Extracellular matrix consists of - CORRECT ANSWER ground substance and protein fibers. Adipose tissue is a form of - CORRECT ANSWER connective tissue.
Which of the following characteristics is used to name tissue types? - CORRECT ANSWER Organization of cells A skeletal muscle fiber contains many nuclei. - CORRECT ANSWER True The type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces like skin or into body fluids is - CORRECT ANSWER glandular epithelium. The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is - CORRECT ANSWER a gap junction. Functions of neuroglia include which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels. The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a(an) - CORRECT ANSWER tight junction. A (An) ______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. - CORRECT ANSWER simple Tissues are groups of cells that have a common overall function, yet are distinctive in their characteristic cell types and the molecules that the cells produce. - CORRECT ANSWER True Areolar tissue contains - CORRECT ANSWER collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance.
A nail consists of - CORRECT ANSWER a nail bed and nail plate. Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? - CORRECT ANSWER Dermal blood vessels constrict. Skin cells play an important role in producing - CORRECT ANSWER vitamin D. The arrector pili muscle is attached to - CORRECT ANSWER a hair follicle. Reddened skin reflects - CORRECT ANSWER dilated blood vessels with more blood entering the dermis. As epidermal cells move up through the strata away from their blood supply, they die and become keratinized. - CORRECT ANSWER True Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands - CORRECT ANSWER All of the above What determines the color of skin? - CORRECT ANSWER The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce. As a person ages, the skin typically becomes - CORRECT ANSWER spotted with patches of pigment. The functions of skin include - CORRECT ANSWER all of the above.
Which person is at highest risk of developing a cutaneous carcinoma? - CORRECT ANSWER a light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan. Melanin production is greater in the skin of people who live outdoors all the time than in people who do not. - CORRECT ANSWER True Inflammation makes skin - CORRECT ANSWER red, swollen and painful to touch. Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that fingerprints were obtained from the back of a watch. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe that they can escape prosecution by using acid to remove the epidermis on their fingerpads, so as not to be a match for the fingerprints on the watch. They are wrong because - CORRECT ANSWER the prints arise from friction ridges of the dermis, which are not destroyed. Sebaceous glands secrete - CORRECT ANSWER fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum. The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the - CORRECT ANSWER stratum basale. Shafts of hair are composed of - CORRECT ANSWER dead epidermal cells.
The ears are lateral to the eyes. - CORRECT ANSWER True In negative feedback mechanisms changes away from the normal state
- CORRECT ANSWER stimulate changes in the opposite direction. Homeostasis is the - CORRECT ANSWER tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a __________ section. - CORRECT ANSWER sagittal Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? - CORRECT ANSWER Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems Which of the following is not true of organelles? - CORRECT ANSWER They are only in cells of humans. The anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface is - CORRECT ANSWER superficial. Nucleic acids are - CORRECT ANSWER composed of building blocks called nucleotides. The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of - CORRECT ANSWER hydrogen bonds. A person with alkalosis has a blood pH less than 7.3. - CORRECT ANSWER False
The formula H2O refers to - CORRECT ANSWER A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Which of the following is characteristic of carbohydrates? - CORRECT ANSWER all of the above. Consider the following list of commonly found items and their pH values: Which of the choices includes all acids? - CORRECT ANSWER Vinegar, grapes, tomatoes, and coffee Lipids - CORRECT ANSWER all of the above. Electrolytes are substances that: - CORRECT ANSWER ionize in water. An electrolyte ionizes in water. - CORRECT ANSWER True The number of protons in an atom of an element always equals its atomic weight. - CORRECT ANSWER False A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is - CORRECT ANSWER neutral Which of the following substances is an element? - CORRECT ANSWER Iron Which of the following groups of compounds is hydrophobic? - CORRECT ANSWER Lipids The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is - CORRECT ANSWER 16
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not. - CORRECT ANSWER False If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, - CORRECT ANSWER the cell will swell and may eventually burst. All cell types divide at the same rate. - CORRECT ANSWER False Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order: - CORRECT ANSWER interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) - CORRECT ANSWER integral protein. Microfilaments and microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton. - CORRECT ANSWER True Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? - CORRECT ANSWER The amount of energy available for transport molecules Cells lose water when placed in a __________ solution. - CORRECT ANSWER hypertonic What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? - CORRECT ANSWER Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy.
Five Functions of Integumentary System - CORRECT ANSWER protection, temperature regulation, sensation, absorption/vit D, and secretion of sebrum Four types of cells found in epidermis - CORRECT ANSWER keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells Keratinocytes - CORRECT ANSWER The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin. Melanocytes - CORRECT ANSWER produce melanin Langerhans cells - CORRECT ANSWER epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system Merkel cells - CORRECT ANSWER touch receptors found in stratum basale Five layers of the epidermis - CORRECT ANSWER stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale Stratum basale - CORRECT ANSWER deepest epidermal layer made of a single row of cells that undergo rapid cell division of keratinocytes. 1025% of cells in this layer are melanocytes. Stratum spinosum - CORRECT ANSWER Where keratinization begins to occur - last layer to get adequate nourishment from stratum basale. Stratum granulosum - CORRECT ANSWER Keratinocytes accumulate granules. Keratohyaline gives strength and lamellated granules help with waterproofing.
Hair follicle (reticular layer) - CORRECT ANSWER The tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root. Regulates hair growth. Arrector pili muscle (reticular layer) - CORRECT ANSWER An involuntary muscle fiber attached to the underside & base of the hair follicle. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end Pacinian corpuscles / Lamellar corpuscle - CORRECT ANSWER Respond to deep pressure and vibration (these are balls of spiral/ball looking nerves) Root hair plexus (hair follicle receptor) (reticular layer) - CORRECT ANSWER wraps around each hair bulb - when a bug lands on the hair, this is why you feel it Eccrine sweat glands (reticular layer) - CORRECT ANSWER Also called merocrine sweat glands, are far more numerous than apocrine sweat glands and are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead. Apocrine sweat glands (reticular layer) - CORRECT ANSWER Confined to the axillary and anogenital areas. In spite of their name, they are merocrine glands, which release their product by exocytosis like the eccrine sweat glands. Stimulated by hormones. Sweat is excreted into hair follicles. Dermal papillae - CORRECT ANSWER a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries and/or Meissner/Tactile corpuscles Hypodermis - CORRECT ANSWER NOT TRUE SKIN
What tissues are found in hypodermis? - CORRECT ANSWER It consists of mostly adipose tissue and is the storage site of most body fat What are the functions of the hypodermis? - CORRECT ANSWER Attaches skin to underlying structure. Allows skin to slide without much friction. Three types of pigment - CORRECT ANSWER Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin Melanin - CORRECT ANSWER Color: Red, yellow, brown, or black Source: Melanocytes Carotene - CORRECT ANSWER Color: Yellow-Orange Source: Carrots - accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis Hemoglobin - CORRECT ANSWER Red when fully oxygenated Reddness (erythema) - CORRECT ANSWER Caused from embarrassment, fever, allergies, skin injury, infection Pallor (blanching) - CORRECT ANSWER Anemia, low blood pressure, emotional stress, fear, anger Jaundice - CORRECT ANSWER Liver disorder - yellow bile pigments accumulate in blood and body tissue Bronzing - CORRECT ANSWER Addison's disease - too many hormones are produced that create a bronze spot on the skin
