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APHY |! 101 |! - |! Midterm |! Ch. |! 1-6 |! Exam
|! with |! precise |! detailed |! solutions
Explain |! the |! difference |! between |! the |! study |! of |! Anatomy |! and |! the |! study |! of |! Physiology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Anatomy |! is |! the |! study |! of |! structure |! of |! body |! parts/Physiology |! is |! the |! study |! of |! function |! of |! body |! parts Name |! and |! define |! the |! levels |! of |! organization |! of |! life |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Organelles, |! cells, |! tissues, |! organs, |! and |! organ |! systems Define |! Metabolisim |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! sum |! of |! all |! physical |! and |! chemical |! events |! that |! obtain, |! release, |! and |! utilize |! energy Define |! Homeostasis. |! How |! does |! a |! homeostatic |! mechanism |! maintain |! homeostasis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! body's |! maintenance |! of |! a |! stable |! internal |! environment. Depend |! on |! normal |! concentrations |! of |! water, |! nutrients, |! and |! oxygen, |! and |! normal |! body |! temperature |! and |! pressure What |! is |! meant |! by |! negative |! feedback? |! How |! does |! negative |! feedback |! affect |! homeostatic |! mechanisms? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Works |! to |! correct |! a |! deviation |! from |! a |! set |! point |! (Tries |! to |! get |! back |! to |! the |! set |! point/normal)
Describe |! the |! structure |! of |! a |! serous |! membrane |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Smooth |! membrane |! consisting |! of |! 2 |! layers |! of |! epithelial |! cells |! which |! secrete |! serous |! fluid What |! are |! signs |! of |! aging |! at |! the |! cellular |! level? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Impaired |! cell |! division |! and |! the |! ability |! to |! break |! down |! and |! recycle |! worn |! cell |! parts What |! is |! meant |! by |! anatomical |! position? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Universal |! body |! position: |! Standing |! erect, |! facing |! forward, |! upper |! limbs |! at |! the |! sides, |! palms |! facing |! forward |! and |! thumbs |! out. Explain |! why |! chemistry |! is |! an |! important |! part |! of |! the |! study |! of |! Physiology |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Body |! functions |! depend |! on |! cellular |! functions |! that, |! in |! turn, |! result |! from |! chemical |! changes Atom |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! smallest |! unit |! of |! matter |! that |! defines |! the |! chemical |! elements Element |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fundamental |! substances |! in |! which |! all |! matter |! is |! composed |! of Molecule |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ 2 |! or |! more |! atoms |! may |! combine |! to |! form |! a |! molecule Compound |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! substance |! made |! from |! two |! or |! more |! elements |! chemically |! combined
Neutral |! compound |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Occurs |! when |! ions |! of |! opposite |! charges |! attract |! one |! another |! to |! form |! electrically |! neutral |! compounds. How |! are |! acid |! and |! bases |! represented |! on |! the |! pH |! scale? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Any |! pH |! number |! greater |! than |! 7 |! is |! considered |! a |! base |! and |! any |! pH |! number |! less |! than |! 7 |! is |! considered |! an |! acid. |! 0 |! is |! the |! strongest |! acid |! and |! 14 |! is |! the |! strongest |! base. How |! do |! hydrogen |! ion |! concentrations |! change |! as |! the |! numbers |! change? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔As |! the |! hydrogen |! concentration |! increases, |! the |! pH |! decreases What |! is |! Acidosis? |! Alkalosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Acidosis |! = |! pH |! less |! than |!
Alkalosis |! =pH |! rise |! in |! the |! blood What |! distinguishes |! an |! organic |! compound |! from |! an |! inorganic |! compound? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Organic |! compounds |! result |! from |! the |! activity |! of |! living |! beings, |! whereas |! inorganic |! compounds |! are |! either |! the |! result |! of |! natural |! processes |! unrelated |! to |! any |! life |! form |! or |! the |! result |! of |! human |! experimentation |! in |! the |! laboratory Give |! examples |! and |! characteristics |! of |! the |! 4 |! types |! of |! Organic |! Molecules |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔1) |! Carbohydrate: |! Immediate |! source |! of |! energy |! for |! organisms. |! Ex: |! Monosaccaharides, |! simple |! sugars.
- |! Lipids: |! Stored |! energy |! for |! later |! use |! in |! organisms, |! insulation, |! and |! protection |! of |! delicate |! organs. |! Ex: |! Fats, |! oils, |! triglycerides.
- |! Protein: |! Organic |! catalysts, |! digestive |! enzymes, |! structural |! protein |! in |! hair, |! structural |! protein |! in |! skin. |! Ex: |! Enzymes, |! collagen, |! keratin.
- |! Nucleic |! Acids: |! Carries |! Genetic |! Info |! and |! synthesizes |! proteins. |! Ex: |! DNA, |! RNA What |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! a |! saturated |! and |! an |! unsaturated |! fat? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Saturated |! fats |! contain |! only |! saturated |! fatty |! acids, |! whereas |! unsaturated |! fats |! contain |! at |! least |! 1 |! unsaturated |! fatty |! acid How |! are |! the |! levels |! (primary, |! secondary, |! tertiary, |! and |! quaternary) |! of |! structure |! of |! a |! protein |! created? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Primary |! is |! the |! amino |! acid |! sequence |! of |! the |! polypeptide |! chain. Secondary |! is |! formation |! of |! an |! alpha |! helix |! or |! a |! beta-pleated |! sheet. Tertiary |! is |! the |! folding |! of |! the |! secondary |! structure. Quaternary |! forms |! when |! several |! polypeptide |! chains |! connect |! to |! form |! a |! very |! large |! protein What |! are |! three |! major |! parts |! of |! a |! cell? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nucleus, |! cytoplasm, |! and |! cell |! membrane What |! are |! organelles? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Small |! structures |! found |! floating |! in |! the |! cytoplasm |! along |! with |! the |! nucleus |! that |! help |! with |! cellular |! processes
Active |! transport |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! movement |! of |! materials |! against |! a |! concentration |! difference |! that |! requires |! energy Endocytosis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! process |! of |! a |! cell |! engulfing |! a |! substance |! by |! forming |! a |! vesicle |! around |! the |! substance Pinocytosis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Endocytosis |! of |! tiny |! droplets |! of |! liquids Phagocytosis |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Endocytosis |! of |! solids What |! is |! receptor-mediated |! endocytosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Moves |! very |! specific |! kinds |! of |! particles |! into |! the |! cell; |! a |! substance |! must |! bind |! to |! a |! receptor |! before |! it |! can |! enter |! the |! cell What |! is |! exocytosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! reverse |! of |! endocytosis What |! is |! transcytosis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Moves |! substances |! from |! one |! end |! of |! a |! cell |! to |! the |! other |! end |! of |! the |! cell Hypertonic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔More |! water |! outside |! of |! cell |! than |! in |! cell/Cells |! shrink Hypotonic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔More |! water |! in |! cell |! than |! on |! the |! outside/Cells |! swell
Isotonic |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Having |! the |! same |! concentration |! inside |! and |! outside |! of |! cell How |! does |! the |! number |! of |! solute |! particles |! affect |! osmotic |! pressure? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ What |! are |! the |! phases |! and |! the |! order |! of |! the |! Cell |! Cycle? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Interphase: Prophase: Metaphase: Anaphase: Telophase: Cytokinesis: Cell |! differentiation |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! process |! by |! which |! genetically |! identical |! cells |! of |! an |! embryo |! become |! specialized |! or |! the |! process |! by |! which |! stable |! differences |! arise |! between |! cells |! of |! the |! embryo What |! is |! a |! tumor? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Abnormal |! growth |! of |! cells What |! is |! the |! difference |! between |! benign |! and |! a |! malignant |! tumor? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! benign |! tumor |! is |! one |! that |! remains |! in |! place, |! eventually |! interfering |! with |! the |! function |! of |! healthy |! tissue; |! A |! malignant |! tumor |! is |! invasive |! and |! extends |! into |! surrounding |! tissues
What |! type |! of |! organic |! molecule |! are |! enzyme? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Most |! are |! globular |! proteins |! that |! promote |! specific |! chemical |! reactions |! in |! cells |! by |! lowering |! the |! activation |! energy |! required |! to |! start |! these |! chemical |! reactions What |! general |! function |! do |! enzymes |! have |! in |! the |! body? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Enzymes |! function |! as |! catalysts, |! which |! means |! that |! they |! speed |! up |! the |! rate |! at |! which |! metabolic |! processes |! and |! reactions |! occur |! in |! living |! organisms What |! is |! the |! role |! of |! enzymes |! in |! metabolism? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Describe |! on |! a |! molecular |! level |! how |! enzymes |! perform |! their |! function |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ What |! are |! cofactors? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Helps |! an |! active |! site |! obtain |! its |! appropriate |! shape |! or |! helps |! bind |! the |! enzymes |! to |! its |! substrate Coenzymes |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Organic |! molecules |! that |! act |! as |! cofactors How |! are |! vitamins |! important |! to |! enzymes? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ What |! is |! the |! structure |! and |! function |! of |! ATP |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔An |! adenine, |! a |! ribose, |! and |! 3 |! phosphates |! in |! a |! chain
What |! is |! the |! purpose |! of |! protein |! synthesis? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Protein |! synthesis |! is |! the |! making |! of |! proteins |! for |! the |! cell |! to |! use |! and |! amino |! acids |! are |! put |! together |! in |! a |! specific |! order |! to |! make |! each |! protein What |! are |! the |! major |! stages |! of |! protein |! synthesis |! reaction? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ What |! is |! the |! purpose |! of |! cellular |! repiration? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Process |! that |! releases |! energy |! from |! molecules |! such |! as |! glucose |! and |! makes |! it |! available |! for |! cellular |! use What |! are |! the |! major |! stages |! of |! cellular |! respiration |! pathway? What |! major |! event |! occur |! in |! each |! stage? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Glycolysis, |! citric |! acid |! cycle |! (Kreb's), |! and |! Electron |! Transport |! Chain Gene |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! portion |! of |! a |! DNA |! molecule |! that |! contains |! the |! genetic |! information |! for |! making |! a |! particular |! protein Chromosome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔A |! chromosome |! is |! an |! organized |! structure |! of |! DNA, |! protein, |! and |! RNA |! found |! in |! cells. |! It |! is |! a |! single |! piece |! of |! coiled |! DNA |! containing |! many |! genes, |! regulatory |! elements |! and |! other |! nucleotide |! sequence. Genome |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔All |! of |! an |! organism's |! genetic |! material What |! is |! meant |! by |! complementary |! base |! pairing |! of |! nucleotide? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔
Desmosomes: |! Located |! in |! cells |! of |! the |! skin |! and |! function |! to |! form |! a |! reinforced |! structural |! unit |! |! Gap |! Junctions: |! Located |! in |! cells |! of |! the |! heart |! muscle |! and |! muscle |! cells |! of |! digestive |! tract |! and |! function |! to |! link |! the |! cytoplasm |! of |! adjacent |! cells |! and |! allow |! ions, |! nutrients, |! and |! other |! small |! molecules |! to |! move |! between |! them What |! are |! the |! 4 |! basic |! types/groups |! of |! tissue? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Epithelial, |! Connective, |! Muscle, |! and |! Nervous Briefly |! describe |! the |! function |! of |! the |! basement |! membrane |! of |! epithelial |! tissue |!
- |! Correct |! answer |! ✔The |! underside |! of |! epithelial |! tissue |! is |! anchored |! by |! a |! basement |! membrane |! to |! connective |! tissue How |! are |! epithelial |! tissues |! named? |! - |! by |! what |! characteristics |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔They |! are |! classified |! according |! to |! the |! shape |! and |! numbers |! of |! layers |! of |! cells Describe |! the |! structure |! and |! list |! the |! functions |! of |! the |! various |! epithelial |! tissues, |! including |! glandular |! epithelium |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Name |! and |! describe |! the |! various |! structural |! types |! of |! exocrine |! glands |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Secrete |! their |! products |! into |! ducts |! that |! open |! onto |! a |! surface Define |! Extracellular |! Matrix |! of |! connective |! tissue |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔In |! the |! connective |! tissue, |! matrix |! is |! secreted |! by |! connective |! tissue |! cells |! into |! the |! space |! surrounding |! them, |! where |! it |! serves |! to |! bind |! cells |! together
Describe |! the |! 3 |! main |! types |! of |! cells |! and |! 3 |! main |! types |! of |! fibers |! found |! in |! connective |! tissues |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Fibroblasts, |! Macrophages, |! and |! Mast Collagenous, |! Elastic, |! and |! Reticular Describe |! the |! structure |! and |! function |! of |! each |! 4 |! types |! of |! membranes |! found |! in |! the |! human |! body |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Note |! the |! structural |! and |! functional |! differences |! among |! the |! 3 |! types |! of |! muscle |! tissue. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ The |! cells |! of |! which |! muscle |! type |! contain |! many |! nuclei |! in |! one |! cell? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ State |! the |! general |! functions |! of |! neuroglia |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ What |! are |! the |! functional |! parts |! of |! the |! integumentary |! system? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Skin, |! nails, |! hair, |! glands, |! and |! nerves List |! the |! functions |! of |! the |! skin |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Prevents |! many |! harmful |! substances |! from |! entering |! the |! body, |! retards |! water |! loss, |! helps |! regulate |! body |! temperature, |! houses |! sensory |! receptors, |! contains |! immune |! system |! cells, |! synthesizes |! vitamin |! D, |! and |! excretes |! a |! small |! amount |! of |! waste |! products
How |! are |! fingerprints |! created |! on |! the |! skin? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Form |! from |! undulations |! of |! the |! dermis |! and |! epidermis |! at |! the |! distal |! end |! of |! the |! palmar |! surface |! of |! a |! finger What |! is |! the |! function |! of |! the |! nerve |! tissue |! in |! the |! skin? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nerve |! tissue |! transfers |! signals |! in |! the |! body |! and |! its |! organ |! to |! tell |! the |! body |! how |! to |! respond |! to |! changes |! in |! its |! internal |! and |! external |! environments Name |! the |! parts |! of |! a |! nail. |! Name |! the |! substances |! that |! creates |! the |! hardness |! of |! a |! nail |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Nail |! plate, |! Nail |! bed, |! and |! Lunula What |! are |! the |! parts |! and |! composition |! of |! a |! hair |! and |! ts |! follicle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔ Name |! and |! describe |! two |! forms |! of |! melanin |! that |! give |! hair |! its |! color? |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eumelanin |! is |! brownish-black |! and |! Pheomelanin |! is |! blond |! and |! red Describe |! the |! function |! of |! the |! arrector |! pili |! muscle |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Is |! attached |! to |! hair |! follicle; |! when |! muscle |! contracts |! the |! hair |! stands |! on |! end, |! raising |! goose |! bumps; |! triggered |! if |! a |! person |! is |! emotionally |! upset |! or |! very |! cold Describe |! the |! structure |! and |! function |! of |! sebaceous |! glands |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Contain |! groups |! of |! specialized |! epithelial |! cells; |! Open |! directly |! onto |! the |! surface |! of |! the |! skin |! and |! excretes |! sebum
Describe |! the |! structure |! and |! function |! of |! eccrine |! and |! apocrine |! sweat |! glands |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Eccrine |! sweat |! glands |! respond |! to |! body |! temperature |! elevated |! by |! environmental |! heat |! or |! exercise; |! Apocrine |! sweat |! glands |! wet |! certain |! areas |! of |! skin |! when |! a |! person |! is |! nervous |! or |! stressed Describe |! the |! structure |! and |! function |! of |! ceruminous |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Ear |! wax Describe |! the |! structure |! and |! function |! of |! mammary |! glandss |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔milk Describe |! the |! process |! of |! healing |! a |! wound, |! including |! scab |! formation. |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Blood |! escapes |! from |! dermal |! blood |! vessels, |! a |! blood |! clot |! soon |! forms, |! the |! blood |! clot |! and |! dried |! tissue |! fluid |! form |! a |! scab, |! blood |! vessels |! send |! out |! branches |! and |! fibroblasts |! migrate |! into |! area, |! fibroblasts |! produce |! new |! connective |! tissue |! fibers, |! scab |! sloughs |! off Name |! and |! describe |! the |! different |! categories |! of |! burns |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔First |! degree |! - |! Only |! affects |! the |! epidermis |! Second |! degree- |! Affects |! a |! part |! of |! the |! dermis |! and |! epidermis; |! blisters |! appear |! Third |! degree- |! Destroys |! the |! epidermis, |! dermis, |! and |! the |! accessory |! structures; |! skin |! becomes |! dry |! and |! leathery How |! is |! the |! "rule |! of |! nines" |! used |! - |! Correct |! answer |! ✔Divides |! the |! skin's |! surface |! area |! using |! multiples |! of |! 9
