Download APHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam with 100% correct answers and more Exams Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!
APHY 101 SUMMER 2024 Final Exam
with 100% correct answers
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? - Answer Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts, whereas physiology is the study of the function of body parts What are the levels of organization? - Answer subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism What are the requirements of life? - Answer Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure What are the characteristics of life? - Answer Movement (internal or gross); Responsiveness (reaction to internal or external change); Growth (increase in size without change in shape); Reproduction (new organisms or new cells); Respiration (use of oxygen; removal of CO2); Digestion (breakdown of food); Absorption (movement of substances through membranes and into fluids); Circulation (movement within body fluids); Assimilation (changing nutrients into chemically different forms); Excretion (removal of metabolic wastes) Define homeostasis - Answer Body's maintenance of a stable environment What is a homeostatic mechanism? - Answer the body maintains homeostasis through a number of self-regulating control systems; examples are regulating body temperature and pressure sensitive receptors to regulate body pressure Define matter - Answer Anything that takes up space and has mass (weight). It is composed of elements. Define element - Answer fundamental substance composed of chemically identical atoms Define atoms - Answer smallest particle of an element; basic unit of matter
What is the structure of an atom? - Answer An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons in orbit around the nucleus. Atomic nucleus - Answer the nucleus contains protons and neutrons Proton - Answer subatomic particle that has a positive charge Neutron - Answer subatomic particle that has no charge Electron - Answer subatomic particle that has a negative charge Atomic number - Answer number or protons in nucleus Atomic mass - Answer number of protons plus number of neutrons What are covalent bonds? - Answer Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons to become stable with filled outer shells What are ionic bonds? - Answer 2 oppositely charged atoms form this bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom What are hydrogen bonds? - Answer Weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule; formed between water molecules Define ion - Answer When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.
Basic solution - Answer pH greater than 7; indicates a greater concentration of OH- What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule? - Answer organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon; inorganic compounds do not What is dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? - Answer Dehydration reactions link monomers together into polymers by releasing water, and hydrolysis breaks polymers into monomers using a water molecule. Monomers are just single unit molecules and polymers are chains of monomers. What are carbohydrates? - Answer Carbohydrates provide energy for cellular activities. These molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. What are lipids? - Answer Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activity. Lipids are insoluble in water and include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. What are proteins? - Answer Provide structure; energy sources; chemical messengers Play vital role in metabolism bonded amino acids held together with peptide bonds What are nucleic acids? - Answer Carry genes and control cell activities. Examples are RNA and DNA. Fats (triglycerides) - Answer Used primarily for energy; most common lipid in the body Can supply more energy than carbohydrates
Contain C, H, and O but less O than carbohydrates (C57H110O6) Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids - Answer major component of cell membranes; large amounts in nervous system 2 fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule steroids - Answer 4 connected rings of carbon atoms; widely distributed in body; component of cell membrane; used to synthesize hormones; example includes cholesterol Define amino acids - Answer building block of proteins What are enzymes? - Answer large molecules that increase the rates of chemical reactions without themselves undergoing any change What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - Answer RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in protein synthesis; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) stores the molecular code in genes. cell membrane - Answer regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell; participates in signal transduction; and helps cells adhere to other cells nucleus - Answer surrounded by an enveloper; composed of RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production
Lysosome - Answer "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria Peroxisome - Answer contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol Centrosome - Answer structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division Cilia - Answer motile extensions from the cell Flagella - Answer long, thin, whip-like structures, with a core of microtubules, that enable some cells to move Vesicle - Answer small, membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell nuclear envelope - Answer a double-layered porous membrane; separates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm nuclear pores - Answer regulate molecular traffic through the envelope and act like a rivet to hold the two unit membranes together nucleolus - Answer The site of ribosome production; composed of RNA and protein chromatin - Answer It condenses into chromosomes during cell division; it is made of protein and DNA
diffusion - Answer the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration until equilibrium is reached osmosis - Answer transport mechanism in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute facilitated diffusion - Answer a process ions use to move down their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane filtration - Answer passive transport mechanism in which smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure active transport - Answer a carrier molecule transports substances from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) - Answer active transport mechanism in which molecules or particles are conveyed by a vesicle in the cell transcytosis - Answer the transport of macromolecular cargo from one side of a cell to the other within a membrane-bounded carrier transport mechanisms that are passive mechanisms - Answer simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration What is the difference among isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions? - Answer A solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids is called isotonic; one with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids is hypertonic; one with lower osmotic pressure is hypotonic.
What is aerobic respiration? What are the two stages? How many ATP are produced? - Answer Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen. Cells break down food in the mitochondria in a 2-step process. The first step is glycolysis, and the second is the citric acid cycle. It produces roughly 36 ATP. What is glycolysis? How does it begin and what is produced at the end? - Answer The 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down in the cytosol into 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules. What is anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced? Where in the cell does it take place? - Answer Anaerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy without oxygen. Anaerobic respiration is a relatively fast reaction and produces 2 ATP. Anaerobic reactions occur in the cytoplasm. What is the electron transport chain? - Answer The electron transport chain passes each electron along, gradually lowering the electron's energy level and transferring that energy to ATP synthase What are the characteristics of DNA? - Answer Double-stranded DNA molecules twist to form a double helix consisting of "sugar-phosphate rails" and bases pair to form the "rungs." What are the 4 types the DNA molecule base can be? - Answer (A) adenine (T) thymine (C) cytosine (G) guanine What are the complementary base pairs for DNA? - Answer A T C G Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) - Answer Single-stranded molecules, their nucleotides have ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar, and uracil rather than thymine. Functions in protein synthesis.
Nucleotides - Answer Building blocks of nucleic acid; consist of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases What are the 4 types the RNA molecule base can be? - Answer A) adenine (T) uracil (C) cytosine (G) guanine How is RNA made? - Answer All of the RNA in a cell is made by DNA transcription, a process catalyzed by a class of enzymes called RNA polymerases. List the steps of protein synthesis. - Answer During protein synthesis tRNA molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to align against an mRNA molecule temporarily held on a ribosome. The aligned amino acids join and the polypeptide that grows folds. Transcription - Answer the process of copying the information encoded in DNA to produce RNA Translation - Answer The process of translating the series of codons of mRNA from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids. codons - Answer set of three nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule corresponding to one of the 20 types of amino acids How does DNA replicate? - Answer During interphase, hydrogen bonds break between the base pairs. The strands unwind and part, and free nucleotides come in and hydrogen bonds form between the new and the old.
Simple Columnar Epithelium - Answer a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane; it lines the uterus, stomach, and intestines where it protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium - Answer These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered; in the female reproductive tract, cilia on these cells aid in moving eggs through the oviducts to the uterus Stratified Squamous Epithelium - Answer layers of flattened cells that are designed to protect underlying layers; it makes up the outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium - Answer three layers of cuboidal cells lining a lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas Stratified Columnar Epithelium - Answer several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx Transitional Epithelium - Answer designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder What are the general characteristics of connective tissue? Cell types? Fiber types? - Answer Bind, support protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells; The fibroblast is the most common cell type, and is a large, star-shaped cell that secretes fibers and is fixed into position; Strong collagenous fibers (white fibers), made of the protein collagen, add strength for holding body parts together
Adipose Tissue - Answer connective tissue designed to store fat; it is found beneath the skin, around joints, padding the kidneys and other internal organs, and in certain abdominal membranes Dense Connective Tissue - Answer Densely packed collagenous fibers; very strong but lacks a good blood supply; found as part of tendons and ligaments. Cartilage - Answer rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework; lacks blood supply 3 types of cartilage - Answer Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage condrocyte - Answer cartilage cell osteocyte - Answer bone cell Canaliculi - Answer small channels through matrix; necessary for nutrient and wast exchange 3 types of muscle tissue - Answer skeletal, smooth, and cardiac skeletal muscle tissue - Answer muscles attach to bones and can be controlled by conscious effort; also called voluntary muscle tissue; long and narrow cells smooth muscle tissue - Answer comprises walls of hollow internal organs like stomach, intestines, bladder; involuntary movements of internal organs cardiac muscle tissue - Answer heart movements; involuntary
What are the parts of a long bone? - Answer Epiphysis, Diaphysis, Medullary cavity, Periosteum Epiphysis - Answer Expanded ends of bones that form joints with adjacent bones Diaphysis - Answer Shaft of a long bone bone Medullary cavity - Answer The diaphysis contains a hollow medullary cavity that is lined with endosteum and filled with marrow. Periosteum - Answer tough layer of vascular connective tissue in long bone, covers the bone and is continuous with ligaments and tendons What is compact bone? - Answer tightly packed tissue that covers the wall of the diaphysis; there are no gaps Spongy bone? - Answer Lighter section of the bone often filled with red bone marrow. This is what epiphyses are composed of. Describe the process of ossification. - Answer Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify, blood vessels invade the perichondrium, the perichondrium is converted into a periosteum, and the inner layer produces bone, osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone, osteoclasts create a narrow cavity. What is the ephiphyseal plate (disk)? - Answer A band of hyaline cartilage that forms between the two ossification centers; responsible for lengthening bones It functions as the center for cell growth in the distal ends of long bones, it controls the growth of long bones.
Distinguish among osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts. - Answer Osteocytes- mature bone cells Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells Osteoclasts- cell that erodes bone What are the functions of the skeletal system? - Answer Supports the body, protects innards, production of blood cells, provide place for muscle attachment, store minerals and salts What is the axial skeleton? - Answer skull, spine, rib cage Appendicular skeleton - Answer Upper limbs, Lower limbs, Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle What are the steps of fracture repair? - Answer hematoma formation, fibrocartilage formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling by osteoclasts to get back to its original shape How are bones classified? - Answer according to their shapes -- long, short, flat or irregular synovial joint - Answer most common and complex joint in skeletal system; allow free movement and are diarthrotic it consists of articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial membrane, and reinforcing ligaments articular cartilage - Answer reduces wear on the bone ends and minimizes friction joint capsule - Answer consists of an outer layer of dense connective tissue that joins the periosteum, and an inner layer made up of synovial membrane
RETRACTION - Answer moving the jaw backwards EVERSION - Answer turning the sole of the foot lateral INVERSION - Answer turning the sole of the foot medially SUPINATION - Answer turning backwards or rotating the forearm laterally so the palm faces upward; this is the anatomical position and the radius and ulna are parallel in this position PRONATION - Answer (opposite of supination) the forearm rotates medially and the palm faces down. this is the relaxed position. ROTATION - Answer turning a bone on the long axis like shaking the head no CIRCUMDUCTION - Answer moving the distal end of a limb in a circle and the proximal end is stationary EXTENSION - Answer increases the angle of the joint and the 2 bones are further apart DORSIFLEXION - Answer lifting the foot so the superior surfaces approaches the shin, like rocking on your heels PLANTAR FLEXION - Answer pointing the toes downward, like on your tip toes ABDUCTION - Answer moving a limb away from the midline or median ADDUCTION - Answer moving a limb towards the midline
fascia - Answer sheets of connective tissue that separates an individual skeletal muscle from adjacent muscles and holds it in place tendon - Answer bands of dense connective tissue that attach skeletal muscles to bone aponeuroses - Answer sheets of connective tissue which may attach muscle to bone or the coverings of adjacent muscles explain why skeletal muscle fibers appear striated - Answer myofibrils contain 2 kinds of protein filaments -- thick ones composed of myosin and thin ones composed of actin. the organization of these filaments produces the characteristics alternating light and dark striations of skeletal muscle fiber. myofibril - Answer parallel, threadlike structures; bundles of protein in a muscle cell; play a fundamental role in muscle contraction; long bundles of contractile proteins found in the sarcoplasm Which are components of thin filaments? - Answer actin, troponin, tropomyosin myosin - Answer makes up thick filaments sarcolemma - Answer plasma membrane of a muscle cell sarcomere - Answer distance between Z lines; extends from one Z line to the next and constitutes one contractile unit of a muscle sarcoplasm - Answer the cytoplasm found in muscle cells sarcoplasmic reticulum - Answer endoplasmic reticulum of other cells
