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AQA Combined Science Unit 2: Organisation 1 The diagram ..., Lecture notes of Biological Sciences

Place the test sample into a test tube. 2. Add a few drops of iodine solution and mix. 3. The colour will change from orange to blue/black if.

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AQA Combined Science Unit 2: Organisation 1
The diagram below shows the lock and key model of
enzyme function. Label the diagram using the following
words:
enzyme, active site, substrate, products, enzyme-
substrate complex.
Place the following structures in order from smallest to
largest:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Define what an enzyme is.
What is the function of phloem tissue?
Transpiration is:
(Tick the correct box.)
The movement of water molecules from a
high water concentration to a lower water
concentration across a partially permeable
membrane.
The evaporation and diffusion of water from the
leaves of a plant.
The movement of glucose molecules around the
plant.
Name three factors that affect the rate of
transpiration.
The xylem tissue is composed of hollow tubes
strengthened by lignin. What is the function of xylem
tissue?
Describe how a root hair cell is adapted for the efficient
uptake of water and mineral ions.
Where, in the plant, is meristem tissue located?
Describe how to test for starch.
1.
2.
3.
Describe how to test for protein.
1.
2.
3.
Enzymes are described as being specific to a substrate.
What does this mean? Use the diagram to help your
explanation.
Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.
Bile neutralises s a to lower
the pH so protease enzymes can work.
It also e fats to give them a larger
s a for lipase to work
on. This speeds up d .
Describe how to carry out the test for reducing sugars.
Keywords: Benedict’s, heat, colour change, blue, red.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The is the part of the body
where food is absorbed into the bloodstream.
a d hl
i
j
k
m
n
e
f
g
b
c
cell organ
tissue
nucleus
organism
pf3
pf4

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AQA Combined Science Unit 2: Organisation 1 The diagram below shows the lock and key model of enzyme function. Label the diagram using the following words: enzyme, active site, substrate, products, enzyme- substrate complex. Place the following structures in order from smallest to largest:

Define what an enzyme is. What is the function of phloem tissue? Transpiration is: (Tick the correct box.) The movement of water molecules from a high water concentration to a lower water concentration across a partially permeable membrane. The evaporation and diffusion of water from the leaves of a plant. The movement of glucose molecules around the plant. Name three factors that affect the rate of transpiration.

The xylem tissue is composed of hollow tubes strengthened by lignin. What is the function of xylem tissue? Describe how a root hair cell is adapted for the efficient uptake of water and mineral ions. Where, in the plant, is meristem tissue located? Describe how to test for starch.

Describe how to test for protein.

Enzymes are described as being specific to a substrate. What does this mean? Use the diagram to help your explanation. Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Bile neutralises s a to lower the pH so protease enzymes can work. It also e fats to give them a larger s a for lipase to work on. This speeds up d. Describe how to carry out the test for reducing sugars. Keywords: Benedict’s, heat, colour change, blue, red.

The is the part of the body where food is absorbed into the bloodstream. a d h l i j k m n e f g b c cell organ tissue nucleus organism

AQA Combined Science Unit 2: Organisation 2 Use the graph below to describe how temperature affects enzyme function. Keywords: optimum, rate of activity, temperature, increase, decrease 50 °C Why does the left ventricle have a thicker, more muscular wall than the right ventricle? What are statins? Choose the correct answer. They reduce the amount of LDL. They reduce the amount of HDL. They increase the amount of LDL. Match up the four components of the blood and their functions red blood cells help to clot the blood white blood cells transport oxygen platelets defend against pathogens plasma liquid part of blood Describe two ways that the lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange.

A problem with heart transplants is rejection of the donor heart. What is meant by rejection in terms of a heart transplant? Explain how an infection from a microorganism could lead to the development of other, non-communicable diseases. What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour? Stents can be used to treat coronary heart disease. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using stents. advantage: disadvantage: How can the valves in the heart become damaged? What happens when the valves become leaky? What can they be replaced by? What could be the problems? Label the following parts on the diagram below: trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus. In coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries. Explain how this can lead to a heart attack. Keywords: fatty material, oxygen, heart attack, arteries. Label the following blood vessels on the diagram of the heart: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein. The artery carries blood a from the heart. It has thick layers of m for strength and elastic f. The walls are thick with a small l. o r u z y x a b v w s t p q

AQA Combined Science Unit 2: Organisation Answers 4 Use the graph below to describe how temperature affects enzyme function. Keywords: optimum, rate of activity, temperature, increase, decrease 50 °C Initially, as temperature increases, the rate of enzyme activity also increases up to 40˚C. This is the optimum temperature. After 40˚C, as the temperature increases, the rate of enzyme activity decreases. Why does the left ventricle have a thicker, more muscular wall than the right ventricle? The left ventricle has to pump blood at high pressure so that it can reach all body cells. Whereas the right ventricle only has to pump blood to the lungs. What are statins? Choose the correct answer. They reduce the amount of LDL. They reduce the amount of HDL. They increase the amount of LDL. Match up the four components of the blood and their functions red blood cells help to clot the blood white blood cells transport oxygen platelets defend against pathogens plasma liquid part of blood Describe two ways that the lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange. Any three from the following:

  • large surface area;
  • moist lining;
  • thin walls;
  • good blood supply. A problem with heart transplants is rejection of the donor heart. What is meant by rejection in terms of a heart transplant? When the body’s immune system (white blood cells) attacks and destroys the donor heart muscle cells. Explain how an infection from a microorganism could lead to the development of other, non-communicable diseases. Infection from some viruses can lead to the development of cancer (e.g. HPV infection and cervical cancer). Also, infection with pathogens can sometimes trigger allergic reactions and worsen asthma, for example. What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumour? A benign tumour remains in one place and doesn’t invade other tissues in the body – not usually dangerous. A malignant tumour spreads to other parts of the body when cells break off and travel in the bloodstream to form secondary tumours. Stents can be used to treat coronary heart disease. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using stents. advantage: Patients recover quickly and they are effective for a long time. disadvantage: There is a risk of the patient developing a blood clot near the stent, which can lead to a heart attack. How can the valves in the heart become damaged? Heart attack, infection, old age. What happens when the valves become leaky? Blood flows in two directions. What can they be replaced by? Biological or mechanical valves. What could be the problems? A blood clot. Label the following parts on the diagram below: trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, alveolus. In coronary heart disease, layers of fatty material builds up inside the coronary arteries. Explain how this can lead to a heart attack. Keywords: fatty material, oxygen, heart attack, arteries. The layers of fatty material block the coronary arteries and restrict blood flow to heart muscle cells. This results in a lack of oxygen and the heart muscle cells stop respiring. This can lead to a heart attack. Label the following blood vessels on the diagram of the heart: aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein. The artery carries blood away from the heart. It has thick layers of muscle for strength and elastic fibres. The walls are thick with a small lumen. o r u z y x a b v w s t p q pulmonary artery pulmonary vein aorta bronchiole alveolus bronchus trachea vena cava