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A series of questions and answers related to the ardms (american registry for diagnostic medical sonography) sonography principles & instrumentation (spi) exam. It covers key concepts in ultrasound physics, doppler principles, image artifacts, and instrumentation. The questions are designed to test understanding of topics such as gain settings, resolution, doppler shift, and transducer characteristics. This material is useful for students preparing for the ardms spi exam, providing a focused review of essential ultrasound principles and instrumentation knowledge. It includes multiple-choice questions with correct answers marked, facilitating self-assessment and study. The content is structured to help learners identify areas of strength and weakness, enabling targeted study efforts and improved exam readiness. It serves as a valuable resource for sonography students and professionals seeking to reinforce their understanding of ultrasound physics and instrumentation.
Typology: Exams
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Which gain will increase the risk of bioeffects?
a. transmit
b. receive
c. gain
d. overall gain ✔✔a. transmit
Which of the following is considered the memory of an ultrasound instrument?
a. pulser
b. transducer
c. receiver
d. beam former
e. digital scan converter
f. display monitor ✔✔e. digital scan converter
Spectral broadening suggest:
a. laminar flow
b. turbulent flow
c. flow away from the transducer
d. flow towards the transducer ✔✔b. turbulent flow
With pulse wave Doppler axial resolution: ✔✔degrades
What color is usually use in color flow Doppler variance map to indicate turbulent flow? ✔✔green
Doppler high pass filter eliminates: ✔✔high amplitude signals; low velocity flow
The Doppler wall filter is considered a: ✔✔high pass filter
The Nyquist Limit is equal to:
a. propagation speed x frequency
b. propagation speed/ wavelength
c. PRF/
d. 4xV^2 ✔✔c. PRF/
e. absence of sampling rate ✔✔e. absence of sampling rate
The range for ultrasound begins:
a. 20 Hz
b. 20,000 Hz
c. 2 MHz
d. 15 MHz ✔✔b. 20,000 Hz (useful frequency range for clinical imaging is 2MHz-10MHz)
Which instrument control affects the amplitude (dB) of the outgoing signal:
a. gain
b. receiver gain
c. TGC
d. transmit gain
e. overall gain ✔✔d. transmit gain; amplitude can be affected by the sonographer
Which of the following is used to convert Doppler shift information into color:
a. high PRF
b. fast Fourier transform
c. autocorrelation
d. time interval histogram ✔✔c. autocorrelation
b is incorrect because fast Fourier transform is the method used to process conventional Doppler shift information but is too slow a method for color Doppler
Pulse repetition frequency ✔✔Number of pulses that an ultrasound system transmits into the body each second. Hz. Typically 4-15 KHz. PRF and depth of a view are inversely related: When system is imaging deeper, the pulse repetition frequency is lower.
Also the number of pulses created each second
The best way to increase the near field length of an ultrasound beam is to: ✔✔increase transducer diameter
The range of frequencies produced by a damped PZT element is called:
a. fundamental frequencies
b. Q Factor
c. near field
d. bandwith ✔✔d. bandwidth
Increasing wavelength will ___________ frequency.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. not change
d. cannot be predicted. ✔✔b. decrease
All of the following directly affect frame rate except:
a. depth of penetration
b. field of view
c. number of focuses
d. line density
e. beam width ✔✔e. beam width
A reflection will occur at the boundary of two media if the acoustic impedences of the two media are:
a. equal
b. different
c. unchanged
d. cannot be predicted ✔✔b. different
A mechanical transducer utilizes:
a. transmit focus
b. receive focus
c. fixed focus
d. dynamic aperture focusing ✔✔c. fixed focus; sonographer cannot determine the location of # of foci. mechanical transducer uses cross sectional imaging, rotating wheel, wobbler, oscillating mirror
The transducer frequency is primarily determined by the transducer element:
a. diameter
b. thickness
c. propagation speed
d. type ✔✔b. thickness
A strongly focused transducer implies a:
d. bulk modulus ✔✔d. bulk modulus
Increasing transmit gain increases everything except: ✔✔frequency
The correct depth placement of reflectors depends primarily upon:
a. frequency
b. period
c. power
d. propagation speed ✔✔d. propagation speed
Which of the following will increase the color flow jet area displayed?
a. increase color gain
b. increase velocity scale
c. increase frequency ✔✔a. increase color gain
Increasing propagation speed: ✔✔air, soft tissue, bone
The most common type of transducer used in echo is: ✔✔sector phased array
Decibels are the units for all of the following except:
a. amplitude
b. transmit gain
c. gain
d. attenuation
e. TGC
f. dynamic range
e. intensity ✔✔e. intensity= mW/cm
What are the four acoustic variables: ✔✔1. temperature, density, particle motion, pressure
Frequency is ✔✔Cycles per second (Hz)
not affected by sonographer
increase frequency; decrease depth
Pulse duration ✔✔period (ms) x # of cycles in a pulse
Reject eliminates: ✔✔low amplitude signals
There have been no proven biological effects for unfocused transducers for intensities below: ✔✔100mW/cm2 SPTA
The primary cause of attenuation of ultrasound in soft tissue is caused by: ✔✔absorption
Resolution artifact ✔✔When two structures parallel to the ultrasound beam are displayed as one reflector.
Damping does not decrease: ✔✔bandwidth
Spectral Broadening ✔✔The widening of the doppler shift spectrum. Meaning the increase of the range of doppler shift frequencies present, owing to a broader range of flow speeds encountered by the sound beam.
Refraction ✔✔Change in direction of a wave when it changs speed as in travels from one material to another. The change in the direction of sound as it crosses a boundary.
autocorrelation ✔✔used to convert Doppler shift information into color.
PRF ✔✔Pulse Repetition Frequency. The rate at which pulses are transmitted, given in hertz or pulses per second; reciprocal of pulse-repetition time.
Period ✔✔the time per cycle
1-10usec
Period Calculation ✔✔1/frequency
1/5MHz=.
How do you decrease period? ✔✔Increase frequency
Impedance ✔✔the opposition of sound propagation
The unit for impedance? ✔✔Rayls
