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e x e r c i s e
Articulations and
Body Movements
F i b r o u s , C a r t i l a g i n o u s , a n d S y n o v i a l J o i n t s
1. Use key responses to identify the joint types described below. Key: a. cartilaginous b. fibrous c. synovial 1. typically allows a slight degree of movement 2. includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis 3. essentially immovable joints 4. sutures are the most remembered examples 5. characterized by cartilage connecting the bony portions 6. all characterized by a fibrous articular capsule lined with a synovial membrane surrounding ajoint cavity 7. all are freely movable or diarthrotic 8. bone regions are united by fibrous connective tissue 9. include the hip, knee, and elbow joints 2. Describe the structure and function of the following structures or tissues in relation to a synovial joint and label the struc-tures indicated by leader lines in the diagram. ligament
tendon
articular cartilage
synovial membrane
bursa
NAME ___________________________________ LAB TIME/DATE _______________________
Dense fibrous connective tissue; attaches bones together; reinforces joints Dense fibrous connective tissue; reinforces the joint capsule as it spans a joint Hyaline cartilage; reduces friction where bones articulate Loose connective tissue; produces synovial fluid which decreases friction within the joint capsule
Fluid-filled synovial sac which cushions the tendon where it crosses the bone
Bone
Bone Periosteum
Synovial cavity containingsynovial fluid Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Articular capsule
a; cartilaginous a; cartilaginous b; fibrous b; fibrous a; cartilaginous c; synovial c; synovial b; fibrous c; synovial
3. Match the joint subcategories in column B with their descriptions in column A, and place an asterisk (*) beside all choicesthat are examples of synovial joints. Column A Column B 1. joint between skull bones a. ball and socket 2. joint between the axis and atlas b. condyloid 3. hip joint c. gliding 4. intervertebral joints (between articular processes) d. hinge 5. joint between forearm bones and wrist e. pivot 6. elbow f. saddle 7. interphalangeal joints g. suture 8. intercarpal joints h. symphysis 9. joint between tarsus and tibia/fibula i. synchondrosis
- joint between skull and vertebral column j. syndesmosis
- joint between jaw and skull
- joints between proximal phalanges and metacarpal bones
- epiphyseal plate of a child’s long bone
- a multiaxial joint , 15. biaxial joints , 16. uniaxial joints 4. When considering movement, What do all uniaxial joints have in common? What do all biaxial joints have in common? What do all multiaxial joints have in common? 5. What characteristics do all joints have in common?
S e l e c t e d S y n o v i a l J o i n t s
6. Which joint, the hip or the knee, is more stable? Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the hip joint. and
They allow movement in only one plane. They allow movement in two planes. They allow all angular movement and rotation. All consist of bony regions separated by fibrous or cartilaginous connective tissue.
Hip
Deep socket for femur strongly reinforced articular capsule
g; suture e; pivot* a; ball and socket* c; gliding* b; condyloid* d; hinge* d; hinge* c; gliding* d; hinge* b; condyloid* d; hinge* b; condyloid* i; synchondrosis a; ball and socket* b; condyloid* f; saddle* d; hinge* e; pivot*
(c) of the arm
J o i n t D i s o r d e r s
11. What structural joint changes are common to the elderly? 12. Define: sprain dislocation
(h) of hip
(g)(f)^ of thighof arm (i)^ of foot^ (j)^ of elbow
(k) of foot
(d) (e) of hipof knee
Degenerative changes (adhesions and bone spurs) begin to “sprout up” in diarthrotic joints; intervertebral discs begin to degenerate. These changes lead to increased joint stiffness and pain.
Ligaments reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, or torn away from the bony attachment. Bones are forced out of their normal positions in a joint cavity.
abductionadduction
circumduction flexionflexion
hyperextension flexiondorsi- (^) extension
inversion
(a) pronation of hand (b) rotation of head
