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AS-Level Chemistry Cheat Sheet, Cheat Sheet of Chemistry

AS-Level Chemistry Cheat Sheet This "cheat sheet" provides a guide to answering subjective questions in Paper 2 for AS-Level Chemistry. Format your answers according to what is written in this webpage.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2024/2025

Available from 07/01/2025

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AS-Level Chemistry Cheat Sheet
This "cheat sheet" provides a guide to answering subjective questions in Paper 2 for AS-Level
Chemistry. Format your answers according to what is written in this webpage.
1. Comparison of atomic radius / IE
[Going down the group]
Positive nuclear charge increases
Electron shielding increases
Weaker nuclear attraction for outer shell e-
No. of e- occupied shells increases
Weaker nuclear attraction for outer shell e-
[Going across the period]
Positive nuclear charge increases
Electron shielding same
2. Comparison between melting / boiling point
X is giant ionic / giant covalent / simple molecule and Y is __________
Covalent / electrostatic forces of attraction / LDF / permanent dipole-dipole / hydrogen
bonding occurs between X atoms / ions / molecules and __________ acts between Y
More heat energy is required to break / overcome __________ bonds / forces in X than
__________ bonds / forces in Y.
Less energy required to remove e- from __________ than __________
More energy required to remove e- from __________
3. Discrepancies in IE
IE is removed from p shell of higher energy level in Al
Smaller nuclear attraction number
Spin-pair repulsion between 2 electrons in s
e- is removed from full orbital in s but half-filled 3p orbital in P.
Between Al & Mg
Between P and S
4. Describing Observations
Steamy fumes - HCl gas
Solid produced - product of reaction
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AS-Level Chemistry Cheat Sheet

This "cheat sheet" provides a guide to answering subjective questions in Paper 2 for AS-Level Chemistry. Format your answers according to what is written in this webpage.

  1. Comparison of atomic radius / IE

[Going down the group] ① Positive nuclear charge increases ② Electron shielding increases ③ Weaker nuclear attraction for outer shell e- ④ No. of e- occupied shells increases ⑤ Weaker nuclear attraction for outer shell e-

[Going across the period] ① Positive nuclear charge increases ② Electron shielding same

  1. Comparison between melting / boiling point

① X is giant ionic / giant covalent / simple molecule and Y is __________ ② Covalent / electrostatic forces of attraction / LDF / permanent dipole-dipole / hydrogen bonding occurs between X atoms / ions / molecules and __________ acts between Y ③ More heat energy is required to break / overcome __________ bonds / forces in X than __________ bonds / forces in Y. ④ Less energy required to remove e- from __________ than __________ ⑤ More energy required to remove e- from __________

  1. Discrepancies in IE ① IE is removed from p shell of higher energy level in Al ② Smaller nuclear attraction number ③ Spin-pair repulsion between 2 electrons in s ④ e- is removed from full orbital in s but half-filled 3p orbital in P. ⑤ Between Al & Mg ⑥ Between P and S
  2. Describing Observations ① Steamy fumes - HCl gas ② Solid produced - product of reaction
  1. Explaining why X is a molecule and not ionic compound ① Hydrolysis occurs → simple molecule ② Low mp and bp → weak IMF / hydrogen bonds → simple molecule
  2. Reagents for Organic Reactions ① Oxidation → acidified aqueous KMnO₄ / K₂Cr₂O₇ ② Reduction → NaBH₄ / LiAlH₄ ③ 2-4 - DNPH → carbonyl detection ④ Alkaline I₂ → tri-iodomethane ⑤ HCN in KCN / NaCN in H₂SO₄ → CN nucleophilic addition ⑥ KCN in ethanol, heated → CN nucleophilic substitution ⑦ Aqueous concentrated NH₃ in ethanol → NH₃ substitution ⑧ NaOH (aq) warmed → OH substitution ⑨ NaOH ethanolic, heated strongly → OH elimination ⑩ dilute HCl / H₂SO₄ → hydrolysis ⑪ conc. HCl / H₂SO₄ → dehydration of alcohol and esterification ⑫ Tollen's / Fehlings → aldehyde to ketone
  3. Explaining why something becomes a major product ① X forms primary / secondary / tertiary carbocation intermediates while Y forms ____ ② X carbocation is more stable than Y ③ X has more alkyl groups, so more e- releasing groups and stronger positive inductive effect. ④ _____ is the major product because it has a more stable carbocation intermediate.
  4. Explaining why halogenoalkanes become more reactive (can be applied to similar questions) ① C-X bond energy decreases down group ② atomic radius increases, bigger distance between nucleus and shared e- ③ nuclear attraction on shared e- pair decreases. ④ C-X bond is broken more easily, so lower activation energy
  5. Le Chatelier's Principle ① Equilibrium shifts to the left/right ② forward/backward reaction is exothermic or ② ____ moles of gas on RHS and ____ moles of gas on LHS ③ system moves to minimise the change.
  6. Talking about catalysts ① is a homogenous / heterogenous catalyst because it is in the same / diff phase as reactants.