Partial preview of the text
Download ASB 222 Exam 3 B Latest Questions and 100% Correct Answers and more Exams Environmental Archaeology in PDF only on Docsity!
What are four aspects of human society? - Correct Answer - Population size - Subsistence (how food is acquired) - Political centralization - Social stratification (extent of the social hierarchy) What are four types of human societies? - Correct Answer -Bands -Tribes -Chiefdoms -States What are bands? - Correct Answer dozens of individuals; foragers; egalitarian; no social stratification. What are tribes? - Correct Answer Hundreds of individuals; small-scale gardening; egalitarian; no formal leaders. What is an egalitarian society? - Correct Answer relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities. What are Chiefdoms? - Correct Answer First evidence of wealth inequality. Social status is inherited, disappear in the 20th century. -More intensive agriculture, like field irrigation -Food surplus -Political centralization, there is a formal leader Why are chiefdoms important? - Correct Answer Farming leads to a surplus, which leads to specialists, which leads to extensive trade. What is important about the Stonehenges? - Correct Answer Megaliths (large stones monuments) spread in Western/Northern Europe 4000 B.C. Stonehenge is one of these megaliths sites Stonehenge was built over 1,500 years: over this time function, purpose, meaning of site likely changed Construction began 3000 B.C. Multiple construction phases Phase 1: Round bank and ditch, wooden posts inside, animal bones,cremated human remains Phase 2: Ditch is filled. Post holes of unknown significance Phase 3: Earth and wood replaced by stone. Divided into sub-phases. Sub- phase 3a: 80 bluestones erected. Bluestone comes from 240 miles 3. result of migration with foreign crops and animals. Why the transition of farming? - Correct Answer The beginnings of farming were unintentional Development of farming was gradual, resulting from actions made without awareness of their long-term consequences. Select for visible qualities, e.g. size, taste, fleshiness, oiliness Dispersal of seeds: wild wheat with non-shattering grains selected for unconsciously. What is domestication? - Correct Answer Process whereby plants and animals change physically and genetically because of human action What are other species that farm? - Correct Answer ants. Implies are that farming evolves without intention. Why are cereals and pulses domesticated first? - Correct Answer Easy to grow, grow quickly and can be harvested within months, can be stored for long periods, don't need much genetic change for domestication How were animals domesticated? - Correct Answer qualities selected for: body size, meat, docility, reduced combat traits. (bread for friendliness) How do plants and animals interact positively on the farm? - Correct Answer Manure fertilizes fields Animals source of work such as pulling plow Why did farming independently develop when it did? - Correct Answer Species that can be domesticated are not distributed equally on the planet. Some regions, like Fertile Crescent, have many cereal and animal species amenable to domestication Five cereals provide more than 50% of calories consumed in the world: most wild grass species are in Fertile Crescent. Places without wild cereals unlikely to develop farming. Same with animals Why farming in the last 10,000 years and not before? - Correct Answer Climatic fluctuations made farming impossible before 10,000 years. Warm stable climate of the last 10,000 years allowed farming to develop. When do modern humans show up in the fossil record? - Correct Answer Anatomically modern humans show up by at least 200,000 years ago, in Africa What do genetics tell us? - Correct Answer Modern humans evolved in Africa between 200-100,000 years ago Modern humans outside of Africa descend from small population that left East Africa about 80-60 kya Developed more complex shelters * In Ukraine, Czech Republic: timber and bone structures * Butchering pattern of foxes and wolves suggest their fur was used for clothing * Bone needles are common at Modern Human Sites in Europe Modern Humans in Europe had domesticated dogs. Humans buried their dead with rituals * Produced arts (cave painting, sculpture, engravings) and ornaments Venus figurines: a widespread and long-lasting tradition What is the archeaology of modern humans in Australia? - Correct Answer Humans in Australia 50,000 years ago * Initially occupy the periphery + Later inside the dry & hot interior * Make ornaments and paintings like in Europe * Why the colonization of Australia is remarkable: * The Wallace Line separates Sunda and Sahul: Australia is isolated by large and deep body of water * Implies sea-worthy boat technology When did modern humans leave Africa? - Correct Answer Humans leave Africa around 60,000 ago * Spread rapidly across the globe. * Spread did not need to be intentional: A gradual dispersal of 20 miles per generation enough to disperse across the globe in a few thousands of years What is the archaeology of humans in North America? - Correct Answer Native Americans ancestry in Northeast Asia Land bridge connects Asia to North America from 35 to 11 kya Land bridge called Beringia Supports grassland, herbivores Wood fuel is rare but herbivore dung Humans may have lived in Beringia for thousands of years Earliest sites in the Americas = Bluefish Caves in Yukon: cut marks on bones, 24 kya Dispersal routes: two options 1. Ice Sheets cover Canada and northern US Ice-free corridor was likely devoid of life 2. Most likely route of dispersal is along the coast * Coastal dispersal may explain why other important early site in the Americas is in Chile: Monte Verde, 15,000 years ago. * Other early site: Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Pennsylvania. Humans in interior of 
