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Download ASB 222 Module 1-7 Set Test Review With Revised 100% Correct Solutions and more Exams Environmental Archaeology in PDF only on Docsity!
Earthworks/Land Art - Correct Answer Outdoor works that use the earth and natural materials as their medium Hopewell: communal ceremonial centers perhaps used to tie disperse community together. Adena: one of first to build earthworks Mounds - Correct Answer a constructed hill, normally over a burial site Hopewell: tripartite structure, expressed closure, charnel houses, caches of ceremonial objects Poverty Point, LA - Correct Answer Earthwork 2K years prior to Hopewell - type of Adena Adena Mounds - Correct Answer Adena and Hopewell 500 b.c.-400 a.d. - Ohio River Valleyflat-topped hills formed circles, squares, or other shapes and were 350 ft across. Ceremonial enclosures = not defensive works. Surrounded burial mounds or stood alone Important tombs log- lined, corpse painted, pipes and tablets engraved with symbols Some buried in death huts that were burned down ceremoniously Most were communal mounds and generations added to it. Not as complex as Hopewell Hopewell Subsistence System - Correct Answer evidenced by little midden deveolopment Small, Dispersed hamlets Farming local crops Wild game: deer Wild plants: nuts Religious leaders and rulers may have inherited power -richly decorated graves Collapsed in 1250 Rich artistic tradition, survived in other cultures right up to European explorers arrived in 1550s in South and Southeast Weather too harsh to cultivate large civilizations like Maya or Aztec Long term trend toward greater political elaboration, degree of social ranking and interdepence Enchanted Objects - Correct Answer ritual object that had own power to communicate with supernatural identified by craftmanship: Polished shinyness Form Color Ornamentation made of exotic material obtained by ‘power questing" Power questing - Correct Answer Making journeys to powerful places for personal prestige Beyond ‘known world’ Pass through territories of different peoples Physically challenging Spiritual journey Ritual Objects and their purpose - Correct Answer -Performance Appropriate ornamentation for ritual garments that have now decayed Musical instruments -Participation attendees may have needed particular item- copper ear spools Large caches of stone pipes- Non elite autonomous in many areas of life Archaeological evidence for hierarchy - Correct Answer Lifestyle- house style, diet, material culture Mortuary remains-grave location, elaborate treatment, adornment, Power - access location, control over labor, control over life an death Adena and Hopewell - Elaborate mortuary complexes-Prominent leaders may have been buried there Mississippian - elaborate graves thatched temple and enormous plaza, ceremonial complex Chacoan - highly planned civic structures towns, irrigation, roads, burials Hohokam - Correct Answer Hohokam identified as: Farmers in large southern AZ/Pheonix area with same agricultural strategies Irrigation networks Unique artifact styles - pottery Public buildings Platform mounds - Not sure if they spoke same language or considered themselves same ethnic group Hohokam irrigation canals - Correct Answer 2nd only to Peru No evidence of major government organization or societal complexity No graves or dwelling of high status individuals signalling a bureaucracy demarcated group of farmers who cooperated to make canals work Effect of irrigation on Hohokam society - Correct Answer Allowed large, dense settlement Huge labor investment reliable water supply Chiefdom Societies - Correct Answer Centralized decision making office of chief Payment of Tribute labor, food, materials Big Bang - Correct Answer (archaeological sense) AD- 1050 1100 Lohmann Phase - development of Cahokia- grew incredibly rapidly Grew into something entirely distinct, along with several other mounds Enormous labor in Cahokia - great burst of effort in small period time Woodhenge, Cahokia - Correct Answer series - 4 successive circles of wooden posts only at Cahokia Calendarial marker, shrine Ad 900-1100 Equinox Sunrise- line up with Monks Mound post pits Monk's Mound, Cahokia - Correct Answer Ritual Architecture AD 1000s 14 separate building stages - central mound 4 terraces- large buildings, platform mounds that supported temples or elite dwellings Large post pits- not known exactly why they were there Most of evidence lost of platform mounds, unknown Enclosed by palisade Explanations for the development of Cahokia - Correct Answer Communal Participations Lack of coercion - shared goals of elites and commoners Agricultural 'mistake" argument - Correct Answer Choosing between limiting population and increase food production, we chose food and ended up with starvation, warfare, and tyranny Agricultural Revolution - Correct Answer The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. agriculture - Correct Answer the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. AMS dating - Correct Answer Accelerator mass spectrometry- radiocarbon dating method that uses a mass spectrometer, more accurate than conventional radiocarbon dating - allows for dating of individual seeds, root fragments, maize cobs Documented agricultural revolution Anatolian Hypothesis - Correct Answer Theory that the movement of Indo- European languages in Turkey (Anatolia) followed the spread of plant domestication technologies Early farming -eikorn Elaborate ritual structures 8.6-7k b.c., communal architecture predate agriculture Agriculture and animal domesticaiton trade spread Catalhoyuk - communal Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) - Correct Answer Begins AD 850 Height- 1020-1130 ¢a lot of investment in creating an impressive structure above and beyond satisfying more utilitarian purposes. Formerly known as the Anasazi How pot was made - visual (fire temperature) Scanning electron microscopy - can see clay platelets Microscope - oxygen turns ceramics orange (oxidation) Grey (lack of oxygen) Neutron activation analysis Ceramic Ecology - Correct Answer Consequences of Agriculture - Correct Answer population growth (increased fertility & economic incentives for more children); shift to agriculture is usually irreversible due to population growth; health- malnutrition (less varied diet) & disease increases with sedentism (waste disposal problem, insect infestation, epidemic disease); inequality (foragers cant accumulate because they move around) Opportunity costs Crop failure Disease and dental decay Decreased diversity of nutrients Coprolites - Correct Answer Coprolites are trace fossils representing stones that were swallowed to assist in the digestion of food. Crop diversification - Correct Answer Reduces susceptibility to diseases and pests Dental caries (cavities) - Correct Answer bacteria in the mouth secrete acids and enzymes that digest components of teeth forming holes sign of eating sweeter foods- starches, poorer nutrition Domestication - Correct Answer - the taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food Fertile Crescent/Mesopotamia - Correct Answer -Civilization began in the Middle East in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys. -Early civilizations in Asia and Africa developed in river valleys because of the fertile land and proximity of water -Increased agricultural production flotation - Correct Answer an archaeological technique employed to recover very tiny objects by immersion of soil samples in water to separate heavy from light particles food storage - Correct Answer allowed for accumulation of wealth more stable food supply continuous occupation of sites reduces risk of hunter gatherer - food storage 1-3 years More labor invested, the higher agricutlural productivity Ground Stone Tools - Correct Answer Emerged with the start of settled, village life; Often used to process grain; Neolithic (New Stone); created by pecking and grinding were found at the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov site in Israel providing the earliest evidence for settlement Guila Naquitz - Correct Answer A site in Oaxaca, Mexico, that has produced the earliest evidence of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica Holocene - Correct Answer The current interglaciation period, extending from 10,000 years ago to the present on the geologic time scale. Glacial retreat- sea level rose -flooded Bering strait, divided Southeast Asia into islands Hunter Gatherer societies move to agriculture 
