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animals are believed to have been domesticated for approximately ____ years - ✔✔15, t/f: wild animals can be domesticated but they can't be tamed - ✔✔f which theory of domestication is related to the adoption theory? - ✔✔artificial selection which theory of domestication is related to the adaptation theory? - ✔✔natural selection t/f: horses were used to help domesticate cattle in 10,000 BC - ✔✔f t/f: the process of domestication causes populations of animals to change only in their genetic makeup - ✔✔f the following words can be directly used in a definition of science a. systematic, observation, testable b. systematic, subjective, experiment c. assumption, testable, observation d. modern, intuitive, experiment - ✔✔a what is the behavioral trait for domestication for "avoidance of pair bonding"? - ✔✔sexual behavior what is the behavioral trait for domestication for "small flight zone"? - ✔✔response to humans what is the behavioral trait for domestication for "can be removed from dam and sire at a young age"? - ✔✔precocial development
what is the behavioral trait for domestication for "overlapping home ranges with other species"? - ✔✔social behavior what is the behavioral trait for domestication for "easily contained"? - ✔✔adaptability and activity what is the behavioral trait for domestication for "dependency"? - ✔✔juvenile characteristics which of the following behaviors/traits would make an animal a good candidate for domestication? a. large flight zone b. live in groups c. have dominance hierarchies d. promiscuous e. altricial f. curious - ✔✔b, c, d, f what group of animals makes up the majority of our farm animals in the US? a. chickens (broilers) b. turkeys c. chickens (layers) d. swine e. cattle (beef/dairy) - ✔✔a t/f: less than 2% of Americans are involved in agriculture. - ✔✔t which of the following behaviors/traits would make an animal a good candidate for domestication? a. have dominance hierarchies b. altricial c. large flight zone d. promiscuous
the basic building blocks of proteins are... - ✔✔amino acids choose the INCORRECT pairing a. glucose -- glucose = sucrose b. glucose -- fructose = sucrose c. glucose -- glucose = maltose d. galactose -- glucose = lactose - ✔✔a approximately what percent of the US population is involved directly in agriculture? - ✔✔1.5% what macromolecule has this function: used for energy, sometimes structure - ✔✔carbohydrates what macromolecule has this function: long term energy storage - ✔✔lipids what macromolecule has this function: enzyme formation - ✔✔proteins t/f: a monomer is a small molecule that can join with other similar molecules to form very large molecules, polymers - ✔✔t which of the following elements is NOT one of the key elements to life? a. oxygen b. nitrogen c. calcium d. hydrogen e. carbon - ✔✔c t/f: humans get a small amount of energy from cellulose when the food item is organic or GMO free - ✔✔f
a polymer of beta glucose molecules is: a. lactose b. galactose c. starch d. cellulose e. glycogen - ✔✔d t/f: when a protein loses its structure due to changes in temperature or pH it is said to be natured - ✔✔f what type of lipid is related to "critical for the formation of cell membranes"? - ✔✔phospholipids what type of lipid is related to "consists of both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic region"? - ✔✔phospholipids what type of lipid is related to "how fat is stored in the body"? - ✔✔triglycerides what type of lipid is related to "contains 2 fatty acid tails"? - ✔✔phospholipids what type of lipid is related to "contains 3 fatty acid tails"? - ✔✔triglycerides which of the following are essential amino acids? a. lysine b. taurine c. valine d. arginine e. tryptophan - ✔✔a, c, d, e how has food insecurity in developing countries changed since 1990? a. halved
DNA and RNA is found within which organelle? - ✔✔nucleus the endomembrane system involves all of these cell organelles a. mitochondria b. central vacuole c. microtubules d. plasma (cell) membrane e. lysosomes f. cytosol g. secretory vesicles h. endoplasmic reticulum i. golgi apparatus - ✔✔d, e, g, h, i the post office of the cell is the ____. molecules are packaged and delivered - ✔✔golgi apparatus this organelle's function includes the detoxification of toxins and the synthesis of lipids - ✔✔smooth endoplasmic reticulum t/f: an organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell - ✔✔t in a biological membrane, the phospholipids are arranged with the fatty acid chains facing the interior of the membrane. as a result, the interior of the cell is a. hydrophillic b. charged c. hydrophobic d. filled with water e. polar - ✔✔a
what is the matching side of the DNA to this sequence: TGCAGGTA - ✔✔ACGTCCAT what is the matching side of the DNA to this sequence: ACGTTACC - ✔✔TGCAATGG which of the following are essential amino acids? a. valine b. tryptophan c. lysine d. arginine e. taurine - ✔✔a, b, c, d t/f: a nucleic acid is made up of the following 3 components: a sugar, an amino group, and a nitrogenous base - ✔✔f in horses, the microbes that are needed to break down cellulose are located in the ____ - ✔✔cecum dogs and cats are both what type of digesters? - ✔✔unsacculated colonic digester what animal has the largest cecum that we know of - ✔✔capybara are microorgranisms in the small intestine or large intestine? - ✔✔large intestine is the jejunum in the small intestine or large intestine? - ✔✔small intestine is the ileum in the small intestine or large intestine? - ✔✔small intestine is the colon in the small intestine or large intestine? - ✔✔large intestine
c. make it easier for lipase to digest the fat - ✔✔a, c an example of a cecal digester is a. pig b. cow c. rat d. elephant e. horse - ✔✔c the cecum is the major site of a. carbohydrate absorption b. protein digestion c. fermentation of cellulose d. fat digestion - ✔✔c macromolecules that undergo digestion in the stomach ("true stomach" in ruminants) include a. primarily protein and some fat b. equal amounts of carbohydrates and fat c. some carbohydrates and fat d. primarily carbohydrates and some protein - ✔✔a t/f: papillae increase surface area to help absorb volatile fatty acids (VFAs) - ✔✔t which species lacks a gall bladder? a. sheep b. goat c. chicken d. horse
e. cow - ✔✔d the omasum is the site of - ✔✔water absorption what type of digester is an elk? - ✔✔ruminant what type of digester is a pig? - ✔✔sacculated colonic what type of digester is a capybara? - ✔✔cecal what type of digester is a human? - ✔✔sacculated colonic what type of digester is a dog? - ✔✔unsacculated colonic what type of digester is a rabbit? - ✔✔cecal what type of digester is a sheep? - ✔✔ruminant what type of digester is a hippopotamus? - ✔✔non-ruminant in a chicken what anatomical location is "important for chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients"?
- ✔✔small intestine in a chicken what anatomical location "can expand to store food"? - ✔✔crop in a chicken what anatomical location is the "site of fermentation and some water absorption"? - ✔✔ceca
a. the only way it can be treated is by regularly checking blood glucose and administering insulin injections b. it is most often diagnosed when the individual is an adult c. involves cells that no longer respond to insulin d. a blood test after a meal would reveal both high insulin and high glucose concentrations in the blood - ✔✔a the pancreas is an endocrine gland that is stimulated to release hormones by a. hormonal stimulus b. neural stimulus c. humoral stimulus - ✔✔c if an animal was given an injection of ACTH you would expect the following changes in blood a. no change in CRH b. decreased CRH c. increased cortisol d. increased CRH e. decreased blood sugar concentrations f. increased blood sugar concentrations - ✔✔b, c, f t/f: the fastest way that a endocrine gland can be stimulate is through a hormonal stimulus - ✔✔f t/f: positive feedback is the homeostatic control mechanism involved in maintaining equilibrium within the body - ✔✔f in the liver gluconeogenesis refers to a. formation of new glucose b. formation of new glucagon c. formation of new glycogen
d. formation of glucose transporters - ✔✔a cortisol is a steroid hormone that would bind to a receptor a. inside the cell b. outside the cell - ✔✔a which hormone "is the first hormone to be released in the stress response"? - ✔✔corticotropin releasing hormone which hormone "stimulates the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex"? - ✔✔adrenalcorticotropic releasing hormone which hormone "is released from the pancreas when glucose concentrations in the blood are high"? - ✔✔insulin which hormone is "a hormone that can block the actions of insulin"? - ✔✔cortisol which hormone "is released by the pancreatic beta cells"? - ✔✔insulin t/f: just before you eat your cortisol concentration will be high in the blood - ✔✔t the countercurrent mechanism found in the testicle which allows for cooling of arterial blood as it enters the testis is called the a. panniculus b. parathyroid gland c. cremaster plexus d. pampinaform plexus - ✔✔d t/f: accessory gland of the male reproductive tract consist of bulbo-urethral glands, vesicular glands, and the prostate gland - ✔✔t
a castrated bovine is known as a - ✔✔steer what structure in the male reproductive tract is responsible for the production of the seminal plasma, or fluid portion, or the ejaculate? a. testes b. ductus deferens c. epididymus d. accessory glands e. glans penis f. ampulla - ✔✔d a cryptorchid is an animal (or person) that a. is unable to produce testosterone b. is unable to produce sperm c. has both male and female sex organs d. has a testis that didn't descend into the scrotum - ✔✔d what type of cell found in the testes is responsible for producing the hormone testosterone? - ✔✔leydig cells the major hormone of influence in the female during estrus is - ✔✔estrogen the gestation length of a sow is - ✔✔three months, three weeks, three days the average length of the estrous cycle - ✔✔ 18 - 21 days the placenta of the cow is considered a. cotyledonary
b. zonary c. diffuse - ✔✔a the mature follicle is responsible for the production of what hormone? a. estrogen b. progesterone c. PGF 2 alpha - ✔✔a which of the following is an example of an animal that is seasonally polyestrous? a. cow b. fox c. dog d. swine e. goat - ✔✔e a sow has a ____ cervix a. corkscrew like b. annular rings c. longitudinal folds - ✔✔a an ewe has a ____ cervix a. corkscrew like b. annular rings c. longitudinal folds - ✔✔b a mare has a ____ cervix a. corkscrew like b. annular rings
c. requires alleles separate in such a way that only one allele is found in any particular gamete d. requires genes be linked close together so that they can be inherited together - ✔✔a, c the absence of horns in cattle is a desirable trait for cattle producers because of the safety factor. polled cattle (no horns) (P) is dominant to horned cattle (p). if one of the parental lines (P generation) was considered homozygous recessive, its genotype would be: - ✔✔pp polled cattle (P) is dominant to horned cattle (p). if the genotype of a cow is Pp, what would the phenotype be? - ✔✔polled polled cattle (P) is dominant to horned cattle (p). what is the probability that a homozygous recessive cow, who mates with a heterozygote bull, will produce a horned calf? - ✔✔1/ a condensed form of DNA that occurs in pairs is - ✔✔chromosome the study of how traits of living things are transferred from one generation to the next is - ✔✔genetics some alleles can consistently mask the presence of other alleles is - ✔✔law of dominance the passing of traits from parents to offspring is - ✔✔heredity genes for different traits sort separately from one another in the formation of gametes is - ✔✔principle of independent assortment a portion of DNA that determines a particular trait is - ✔✔gene each gene has two of these - ✔✔allele alleles separate from each other in the formation of gametes. half the gametes carry one allele and the other half carry the other allele. this is - ✔✔principle of segregation
t/f: phenotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual - ✔✔f in pigs, erect ears (EE) is dominant to droopy ears (ee). if a heterozygous boar was crossed with a homozygous dominant sow, what would be the ratio of the F2 generation? a. 2:2: b. 1:2: c. 3:1: d. 1:3:0 - ✔✔a t/f: a pig with the genotype Ee would have erect ears - ✔✔t how are genetics used in animal agriculture? a. continue to have available animals that are extremely valuable to the industry b. create more productive animals c. improve animal management and welfare - ✔✔a, b, c
