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ASNT Industrial Radiography Radiation Safety
Questions | 100% Correct Answers | Verified |
Latest 2024 Version
In the early years of radiography, what caused personnel to be overexposed? - ✔✔Poor equipment design, lack of understanding, lack of and poor safety practices. In what year did Marie Curie discover radium? - ✔✔Late 1898 Who coined the term radioactivity? - ✔✔Marie and Pierre Curie In the early years of radiography from 1920-1930, the maximum thickness that could be inspected via X-radiation was of steel? - ✔✔3" (7.62 cm) Historically, it has been proven that the predominant cause of overexposures is: - ✔✔Improper surveys, the source being left in an uncontrolled state, the source not being locked once retracted to the shielded position The responsibility to adhere to the regulations, license conditions and company policies falls to: - ✔✔The radiographer Alpha particles were discovered by: - ✔✔Henri Becquerel The first medical X-ray was conducted at: - ✔✔Massachusetts General Regulations from one state to the next are essentially the me for radioactive materials - ✔✔True A radiographer has several avenues to seek guidance and counsel. The first person he or she can turn to is? - ✔✔their program's radiation safety officer (RSO)
The origins of industrial radiography can be attributed to: - ✔✔Wilhelm Rontgen The two basic types of radiation are: - ✔✔particulate and electromagnetic Wavelike radiation travels at: - ✔✔at the speed of light without regard to pressure, temperature or magnetic fields Gamma rays travel in a wavelike motion at the speed of light, which is: - ✔✔186 000 miles/s (299 338 km/s) Matter can be turned into energy. - ✔✔True Alpha particles are much like a helium nucleus as they have: - ✔✔two protons, two neutrons and two electrons Beta particles have a/an: - ✔✔Negative charge Alpha particles have a/an: - ✔✔Positive charge Beta particles have a mass: - ✔✔much less than that of an alpha particle In modern radiography the alpha and beta particles are of little concern because: - ✔✔They travel at sub-light speeds and as such are easily ontained or shielded X-radiation is created by applying a: - ✔✔high voltage direct current across the cathode of a vacuum tube X-rays are produced by an X-ray tube by the: - ✔✔passage of electrons across the tube striking the target
All radiation exposures are equally serious and can result - ✔✔False Ionizing radiation passes through the entire body; as such, damage can occur to the: - ✔✔skin, internal organs and muscles Prompt effects of radiation exposure to acute doses include: - ✔✔blood changes, nausea and fatigue Industrial radiography, being one of the most dangerous jobs in the world, has killed: - ✔✔only one member of the public is known to have died in the world ALARA means: - ✔✔As low as reasonably achievable The maximum occupational dose for a minor is: - ✔✔10% that of an adult radiographer or 5 mSv or 0. rem The alpha particle is: - ✔✔more damaging than the gamma ray The alpha particle has a quality factor of: - ✔✔ 20 Radiation can be detected by the human senses - ✔✔False Which of the following detects, measures, or in some way records ionizing radiation? - ✔✔a. thermoluminescent dosimeter b. film badge c. pocket ion chamber (dosimeter) d. survey meter e. rate alarm Which of the two types of survey meters is considered most appropriate for industrial radiography? - ✔✔geiger-muller tube
The survey meter must be capable of measuring a range of: - ✔✔2 mR/h through 1 R/h (20 μSv/h through 10 mSv/h) After a source has been returned to the shielded position a survey meter should show - ✔✔An increase in exposure rate followed by a decrease to zero A survey meter must be calibrated on each scale (1x, 10x, 100x, etc.) at two points: one-third and two- thirds scale. The accuracy of each reading must be within: - ✔✔20% a dosimeter - ✔✔dose rate A rate alarm meter or alarming rate meter must sound a continuous audible alarm greater than 80 dL (0.3 m) at: - ✔✔500 mR/h (5000 μSv/h) Dosimeters and rate alarms must be calibrarated - ✔✔Every 12 months Film badges and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's) are considered dosimeters in the same manner as the pocket ion chamber. The main difference between a film badge and TLD and ion chamber is the: - ✔✔Ion chamber is a direct reading instrument and that the TLD/film badges must be processed by a National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP) lab Sources must be leak tested every - ✔✔six months Exposure devices using depleted uranium (DU) must be leak tested every: - ✔✔12 months A leak test would be considered failed should the sample tested return a value greater than: - ✔✔0. μCi (185 Bq)
When using lead to shield an Ir-192 source, you would need ____________to reduce the original exposure to one-half. - ✔✔0.2 in. (5.08 mm) Standing in a 100 mR/h (1000 J-lSv/h) field, the radiographer will make four 10 min exposures. The radiographer's total exposure for the day would be: - ✔✔66.7 mR (677 μSv/h) With 30 Ci of iridium with a gamma constant of 5.2 R/h/Ci at 1 ft (52 mSv/h/Ci at 0.3 m), what would your exposure rate be at 1 ft (0.3 m) from the source? - ✔✔156 R per hour If you have 73 Ci of Co-60, your exposure rate at 2 ft (0.6 m) from the source would be? - ✔✔255.5 R You have an intensity of 50 mR/h at 100 ft (50 μSvv/hat 30.48 m) from the source. Moving to 50 ft (15. m) would increase your exposure rate by a factor of what? - ✔✔4 times If the radiographer has 100 mR/h at 25ft (1000 μSv at 7.63), the exposure rate at 50 ft (15.24 m) would be ________ with 1 half-value of shielding between the radiographer and the source. - ✔✔12.5 mR/h There are __________ type(s) of installation used in radiography - ✔✔Four (4) The most common type of installation used in field radiography - ✔✔open How many survey meters are required when conducting radiographic operations? - ✔✔A sufficient number of calibrated and operable survey meters Radiation survey equipment shall be calibrated _________, and have an overall accuracy of ________ - ✔✔semiannually; ±20%
Which personnel monitoring devices are required prior to performing radiography, excluding permanent installations? - ✔✔operating rate alarm, survey meter, dosimeter, film badge/TLD What are the three classifications of exposure devices - ✔✔P - portable; M - mobile; F - fixed Exposure devices are classified by categories I and II per the ANSI standard N432. What are these categories? - ✔✔Category I: exposes the source through a shutter mechanism or rotation device in which the source never leaves the device; Category II: source is exposed outside the shielded container by mechanical means Caution signs used, unless otherwise authorized by the commission, shall be of a trefoil design using the colors: - ✔✔a. magenta on a yellow background b. purple on a yellow background c. black on a yellow background d. all of the above Boundary and posting requirements are as follows: - ✔✔Caution radiation area 5 mR/h (50 mSv/h); caution/danger high radiation area 100 mR/h (1 mSv/h); grave danger, very high radiation area 500 R/h (5 Sv/h) Film badges must be replaced at intervals not to exceed: - ✔✔one month In the event of an off-scale pocket chamber, an individual's film badge/TLD must be submitted for processing within: - ✔✔24 h Dosimetry reports received from the accredited NVLAP personnel dosimeter processor must be maintained by the licensee: - ✔✔until the commission terminates the license
The roentgen (R) exposure is measured in: - ✔✔AIR The symbol mR means: - ✔✔milliroentgen One roentgen or 1R is equal to: - ✔✔1000 milliroentgen The acronym rem stands for: - ✔✔roentgen equivalent man The initialism QF stands for - ✔✔Quality factor The quality factor for X-rays and gamma rays is: - ✔✔ 1 The quality factor for alpha (ray) particles is - ✔✔ 20 Activity of radioactive material is measured in: - ✔✔curies Becquerels and curies are units of measurement of: - ✔✔decay rate Atoms that have excess energy and are unstable are known as: - ✔✔radioactive Elementary particle units with a negative electrical charge and a mass approximately equal to 1/ that of a proton are: - ✔✔electrons Positively charged elementary particles with a mass approximately equal to 1840 times that of an electron, or 1 AMU, are known as: - ✔✔protons Unchanged elementary particles with a mass nearly equal to that of a proton are called: - ✔✔neutrons
The area known as the center of an atom is called the: - ✔✔proton Any byproduct material that is encased in a capsule designed to prevent leakage or escape of the byproduct material is a: - ✔✔pig A tube through which the radioactive source travels when inside a radiographic exposure device is a/an:
- ✔✔S tube Survey meters must be calibrated at intervals not to exceed: - ✔✔six months and/or after instrument servicing except for battery changes A survey meter must be capable of measuring a range of: - ✔✔2 to 1000 mR/h (0.02 to 10 mSv/h) Becquerels and curies are units of measurement of: - ✔✔roentgen per hour An analog survey meter must be calibrated on each scale at two points approximately: - ✔✔33% and 66% of the scale's potential The process that results in the removal of orbital electrons from atoms resulting in the formation of ion pairs is called: - ✔✔ionization The fact that gasses bombarded by ionizing radiation become conductors of electrical current make them useful in: - ✔✔detection equipment A dosimeter must be capable of reading a range of: - ✔✔ 0 - 200 mR (0-2 mSv) Pocket ion chambers must be capable of reading: - ✔✔200 mR (2 mSv) An exposure rate is measured by: - ✔✔survey meter
If a radiographer has 60 mR (0.6 mSv) at the surface of the exposure device, what would the reading be after 2 half-lives? - ✔✔15 mR (0.15 mSv) The use of 4 half-value layers will reduce the exposure by a factor of: - ✔✔16 times If a radiographer has 98 Ci of Ir-192, after 148 days how many curies would be left? - ✔✔24.5 Ci (906. GBq) A sealed source emits what? - ✔✔gamma rays A cobalt source has decayed from its original activity after 3 half-lives. Originally it was 88 Ci (3256 GBq). Its current activity is: - ✔✔11 Ci (407 GBq) A cobalt source of 73 Ci is exposed for a full 60 min. Assume a 14.0 R/Ci factor, shooting through a 3 half-value collimator. What would the restricted area be on the cold or collimated side of the collimator? - ✔✔253 ft (77.44 m) The ball on a source assembly that prevents the source from exiting through the back of the camera is called: - ✔✔stop ball Emission of gamma rays, alpha rays and beta rays is considered what? - ✔✔characteristics of source decay To penetrate a thicker or denser material, you would need a source with: - ✔✔more energy (shorter wavelength) An element's weight is the : - ✔✔Z number An element is identified by the number of ________________ in its nucleus. - ✔✔protons
The first indication of an extremity radiation overexposure is: - ✔✔reddening of the skin Gamma radiation has a shorter wavelength than visible light, therefore making it: - ✔✔more penetrating A radiation area is defined as "an area accessible to individuals, in which they could receive ..." - ✔✔ 5 mR/h (50 11Sv/h) A high radiation area is defined as "an area accessible to individuals, in which they could receive ..." - ✔✔100 mR/h (1000 μSv/h) A member of the public or unmonitored individual is allowed to receive up to, but not to exceed: - ✔✔ 2 mR/h, 100 mR/year (20 μSv/h, 1000 μSv/year) When performing radiography in the field, regulations require the radiographer to post with physical barriers or signs the: - ✔✔high radiation area and radiation area A restricted area is defined as an area: - ✔✔to which access is restricted for the purpose of controlling radiation exposure A radiographer and assistant are standing in a 2 mR/h (20 μSv/h) field. What would the assistant's total dose be after 4 h? - ✔✔8.0 mR (80 μSv) You have 24 exposures to make. Your shot time is 5 min per exposure and you're showing 30 mR/h ( μSv/h). What will be your total dose at the end of the shift? - ✔✔60 mR (600 μSv) A radiographer is receiving 100 mR (1000 μSv) at the crank assembly. The crank assembly is 25 ft (7. m) in length. Where would the "RADIATION AREA'' sign be posted? - ✔✔111.8 ft (34.08 m) A radiographer is receiving 100 mR/h (1000 μSv/h) at the crank assembly. The crank assembly is 25 ft (7.62 m) in length. How long will it take for the radiographer to receive a total dose of 50 mR (500 11Sv)?
Assume 0.50 in. (12.7 mm) of steel equals 1 half-value layer for Ir-192. How many half-value layers would you have with 1.5 in. (38.1 mm) of steel? - ✔✔3.0 half-value layers Assuming 0.19 in. (4.83 mm) of lead is 1half-value layer, a piece of lead 0.38 in. (9.65 mm) thick would reduce the exposure rate by: - ✔✔75% What is the maximum curie strength of a Cobalt-60 source in a type A exposure device? - ✔✔10.8 Ci (399.6 GBq) What is the maximum curie strength of an iridium-192 source in a type A exposure device? - ✔✔27.0 Ci (999 GBq) A source is being transported with a surface reading of 25 mR and 3 mR at 39.37 in. (250 11Sv and 30 11Sv at 1 m). Which transport label must be used? - ✔✔Yellow III A White transport label maximum transport index is: - ✔✔less than 0. A Yellow II transport label maximum transport index is: - ✔✔ 1 A Yellow III transport label maximum transport index is: - ✔✔5 but less than 10 measured at 39.37 in. ( m) A shipping container is surveyed and found to be 3 mR/h at 39.37 in. (30 11Sv/h at 1 m). What label would be required? - ✔✔Yellow III What is the maximum surface reading for a Yellow II labeled container? - ✔✔200 mR/h (2000 11Sv/h) What is the maximum surface reading for a Yellow III labeled shipping container? - ✔✔200 mR/h ( 11Sv/h)
According to the 49 CFRs, a shipping container labeled as a Yellow II: - ✔✔must have a surface reading of less than or equal to 50 mR/h (500 11Sv/h) and a transport index of 1 Which government agency regulates transportation of Type A radioactive containers? - ✔✔DOT What is the maximum surface reading for a source changer? - ✔✔200 mR/h (2000 11Sv/h) Exposure devices must be maintained prior to use: - ✔✔and every three months You have a source of lr-192 with 50 Ci (1850 GBq). The surface reading is 50 mR/h (500 11Sv/h). What would the surface reading be after 150 days? - ✔✔12.5 mR/h (125 11Sv/h) Your survey meter has become inoperable. You must: - ✔✔follow company operating and emergency procedures According to the NRC, who is approved to change out a source? - ✔✔a trained and qualified person authorized by the licensee Your dosimeter has been discharged beyond its useful range. You must: - ✔✔follow company operating and emergency procedures Your source has become disconnected. You must: - ✔✔follow your company's operating and emergency procedures Utilization logs must be kept for: - ✔✔three years A utilization log must include at a minimum: - ✔✔make, model and serial number of the exposure device, radiographer's identity and signature, date(s) of use and location(s)
The filament of an X-ray tube is energized by electrical current. The difference in electrical potential draws the free electrons to the __________. As they strike at such a high speed, X-rays are produced by the bremsstrahlung process - ✔✔target High-speed electrons striking a target produce primarily what? - ✔✔heat X-ray machines work on the principle of bremsstrahlung or braking. Which component is not required to produce this effect? - ✔✔focusing cup A control panel in an X-ray system must have clearly visible which of the following statements? - ✔✔caution: X-rays produced when energized What components are required to produce X-rays? - ✔✔a power source, free electrons and a target The output equivalent to curies with an X-ray tube is controlled by the: - ✔✔amperage rheostat Electrons are produced by which component of an X-ray tube? - ✔✔filament Applied voltage in an X-ray tube has a direct bearing on producing more or less: - ✔✔penetration Applied amperage across the filament in an X-ray tube has a direct bearing on producing more or less: - ✔✔radiation An X-ray cabinet must comply with unrestricted area requirements. The maximum amount of radiation emitted from the cabinet at 1.97 in. (5 em) shall not exceed: - ✔✔0.5 mR/h (5 11Sv/h) X-ray systems are required to have two visible indicators to show when X-rays are produced. One indicator may be the milliampmeter, the other a red light. This light must be labeled: - ✔✔X-ray On
While in a field setting, radiography is conducted using a 300 kV X-ray system.What minimum boundaries must be set? - ✔✔high radiation and radiation areas At the completion of an X-ray exposure and turning the system to standby: - ✔✔you may approach the tube head immediately without fear of exposure. Typically the exposure's duration is controlled by: - ✔✔automatically via an integrated timer You must notify the NRC in writing after a failed leak test has been determined. - ✔✔within five days A source must be leak tested: - ✔✔every six months An exposure device using depleted uranium as shielding must be leak tested every 12 months. The maximum amount of material found shall not exceed: - ✔✔0.005 11Ci The sealed sources used in industrial X-ray emit what type of radiation? - ✔✔gamma rays A survey instrument must be capable of an accuracy of: - ✔✔±20% Sources being transported from storage to a field location must NOT be: - ✔✔left unattended in the transport vehicle with a nonfunctioning alarm
