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Assignment 3 for Linguistics, Assignments of English Language

Eastern Michigan University (EMU)English Language
Prof. Veronica Grondona

This is the 3rd assignment of the year

Typology: Assignments

2022/2023

Uploaded on 11/06/2023

Sukurira
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LING 201-Grondona
Assignment #3
Phonology
Review of Terms and Concepts in Phonology
minimal pair minimal set free variaon
(separate) phoneme(s) allophone(s) complementary distribuon
In English, [t] and [th] are allophones of the phoneme /t/
In English, [t] and [b] are different phonemes
[bɔl] and [hɔl] are an example of minimal pair
The fact that [k] and [kh] do not occur in the same phonec environment is an
example of and indicates that [k] and [kh] are complementary distribuon
The fact that we could say economics as [iknamɪks] or [ɛkənãmɪks] is an
example of
free variaon
If two sounds occur in the same posion in two words and those two words have
different meanings, that is those two words form a minimal pair, the two sounds
are
different phonemes
Phonotacc Constraints
Provide at least 3 examples of English words that violate three different
phonotacc constraint of English. That is, find three English words (most likely
borrowings from other languages, even ‘old borrowings’) that show sounds or a
sequence of sounds not allowed in spoken English but that we sll use in English
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LING 201-Grondona

Assignment

Phonology

Review of Terms and Concepts in Phonology minimal pair minimal set free variaƟon (separate) phoneme(s) allophone(s) complementary distribuƟon In English, [t] and [th] are allophones of the phoneme /t/ In English, [t] and [b] are different phonemes [bɔl] and [hɔl] are an example of minimal pair The fact that [k] and [kh] do not occur in the same phoneƟc environment is an example of and indicates that [k] and [kh] are complementary distribuƟon The fact that we could say economics as [ikԥ̃ nã mɪks] or [ɛkə̃nãmɪks] is an example of free variaƟon If two sounds occur in the same posiƟon in two words and those two words have different meanings, that is those two words form a minimal pair, the two sounds are different phonemes PhonotacƟc Constraints Provide at least 3 examples of English words that violate three different phonotacƟc constraint of English. That is, find three English words (most likely borrowings from other languages, even ‘old borrowings’) that show sounds or a sequence of sounds not allowed in spoken English but that we sƟll use in English

by adapƟng it to the English sound system. This might be especially noƟceable in words where the ‘banned’ segments or sequences of segments are sƟll found in the spelling of the word. E.g. psychology The consonant cluster /ps/ is not allowed in English at the beginning of the word. Tube Rule Chew Consonant Clusters in English: Tables 1 and 2 show English Consonants on both the top row and the leŌ-hand column. Look at the chart and answer the quesƟons by filling the charts. REMEMBER: Think pronunciaƟon, NOT spelling. Which of the combinaƟons occur at the beginning of an English word (Table 1)? For these combinaƟons think of (or find) words that begin with the consonant cluster and write them in the appropriate box. If the consonant combinaƟon violates the phonotacƟc constraints of English, write a line through it. Table 1 – Word-iniƟal consonant clusters in English [w] [l] [n] [r] [t] [s] [t] (^) twenty _______ trade [m] [p] --------- plague praise psychology [ʃ] shreak [s] swap^ sleep^ snore^ step [k] kneel krabs

Phonemes that may be difficult for speakers of other languages learning English. /l/ and /r/ are not disƟncƟve (i.e. they are not phonemes) in Korean. Therefore, they are difficult for speakers of Korean learning English. Provide a list of English minimal pairs that would be difficult for speakers of Korean learning English. light right road load lice rice fly fry long wrong /ej/ and /ɛ/ are not disƟncƟve (i.e. they are not phonemes) in Japanese. Therefore, they are difficult for speakers of Japanese learning English. Provide a list of English minimal pairs that would be difficult for speakers of Japanese learning English. wet and wait fast first sit seat heart hurt sell sale Ukrainian Look at the following Ukrainian words containing the sounds [s], [sj], [ ʃ ], and [ ʃj^ ]. The sounds [sj] and [ʃj] are palatalized variants of [s] and [ ʃ ]. The words have been arranged to help you idenƟfy minimal pairs.

[s] [sj] [ʃ] [ʃj] [lɪs] ‘fox’ [lɪsj] ‘sheen’ [lɪʃ] ‘lest’ [mɪska] ‘bowl’ [mɪʃka] ‘liƩle mouse’ [mɪʃji] ‘mice’ [sapka] ‘liƩle hoe’ [ʃapka] ‘hat’ [sɪla] ‘strength’ [ʃɪla] ‘she sewed’ [ʃjistj] ‘six’ [sum] ‘sadness’ [ʃum] ‘rustling’ [sudɪ] ‘trials’ [sjudɪ] ‘hither’ [koʃji] ‘baskets’ [sosna] ‘pine’ [sjomɪj] ‘seventh] [ʃostɪj] ‘sixth’ [posadu] (^) ‘job (acc)’ [posjadu] ‘I will occupy’ What minimal pairs can you idenƟfy in these words? (List the forms in IPA and their English glosses, just as they are listed in the dataset.) [lis] (fox) vs. [lıs] (sheen) [miska] (bowl) vs. [sıla] (strength) Is there a minimal triplet (like a minimal pair, but involving three sounds and three words)? If so, what is it? [sapka] (liƩle hoe) - [s] [suka] () - [s j ] [ʃuka] (shock) - [ʃ j ]. Which three of these four sounds are in contrasƟve distribuƟon? That is, which three of these sounds contrast, i.e. occur in the same environment(s)?) The sounds [s], [s j ], and [ʃ] are in contrasƟve distribuƟon because they can create minimal pairs and change the meaning of words. One of these sounds occurs only before a parƟcular vowel. What is this sound, and what is the vowel? Which words indicate this? The sound [ʃ j ] occurs only before the vowel [i]. The words that indicate this are [sıla] (strength) and [sum] (sadness), where the sound [ʃ j ] appears before the