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PHM2612 Module 11: Experimental Studies Quiz, Quizzes of Nursing

A quiz for phm2612 module 11, focusing on experimental studies. It covers key concepts like vaccine efficacy, placebo-controlled studies, randomization, internal validity, and different types of experimental designs. The quiz includes multiple-choice questions, true/false statements, and scenarios for analysis. It provides a valuable tool for students to assess their understanding of experimental study methodologies.

Typology: Quizzes

2024/2025

Available from 04/08/2025

Carter_Flinch
Carter_Flinch 🇺🇸

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Assignments PHM2612
Module 11. Experimental Studies
Complete this quiz on Canvas by or before the due date on the course calendar. Please note
that you will only have one attempt to complete the quiz; however, there is no time limit. You
may use this document to answer the questions prior to submitting your answers on Canvas.
(100 points)
1. If a vaccine has an efficacy of 95%, it means that only 5% of the vaccinated group will have
disease. (2 points)
A. True
B. False
2. The use of a placebo-controlled experimental study always results in the masking of study
subjects from study investigators. (2 points)
A. True
B. False
3. In a typical experimental randomized trial, the exposure of interest is controlled by the
investigator and not the study subjects. (2 points)
A. True
B. False
4. The smaller the sample size, the less effective randomization may be. (2 points)
A. True
B. False
5. A group of researchers wants to investigate three different risk factors for a disease. Which
of the following designs would be best? (2 points)
A. Factorial designed trial
B. Crossover trial
C. Parallel trial
D. Quasi-experimental study
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Assignments PHM Module 11. Experimental Studies Complete this quiz on Canvas by or before the due date on the course calendar. Please note that you will only have one attempt to complete the quiz; however, there is no time limit. You may use this document to answer the questions prior to submitting your answers on Canvas. ( 100 points)

  1. If a vaccine has an efficacy of 95%, it means that only 5% of the vaccinated group will have disease. (2 points) A. True B. False
  2. The use of a placebo-controlled experimental study always results in the masking of study subjects from study investigators. (2 points) A. True B. False
  3. In a typical experimental randomized trial, the exposure of interest is controlled by the investigator and not the study subjects. (2 points) A. True B. False
  4. The smaller the sample size, the less effective randomization may be. (2 points) A. True B. False
  5. A group of researchers wants to investigate three different risk factors for a disease. Which of the following designs would be best? (2 points) A. Factorial designed trial B. Crossover trial C. Parallel trial D. Quasi-experimental study
  1. If a study is said to have good internal validity, the results are representative of the general population. (2 points) A. True B. False
  2. Researchers utilize Stratified randomization to ensure two comparison groups (e.g., receiving +/- intervention) are comparable in terms of a specific factor (e.g., sex and race). (1 point)
  3. If an investigator measures the outcome prior to and after an intervention in non- randomized study groups, which of the following designs will that study follow? (2 points) A. Experimental B. Observational C. Quasi-experimental D. Cross-sectional
  4. Choose which of the following are reasons to randomize. Check all that apply. (2 points) ☐ To control for confounding even by unmeasured or unknown factors. ☐ To ensure the effect of the intervention on the outcome is most likely attributable to the intervention itself and not attributable to other factors. ☐ To rule out self-selection of subjects into the treatment and placebo groups. ☐ To ensure that each individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected into the study.
  1. Choose the correct measures of association for RCTs. Check all that apply. (1 point) A. Correlation coefficient B. Incidence Rate ratio (IRR) C. Cumulative incidence D. Risk ratio (RR) E. Incidence density F. All but A G. B and D H. B, C, D and F
  2. List 2 advantages that RCTs have over observational studies. (1 point) Manipulation of the study factor, making the exposure of interest be controlled by investigator. Randomization of study subjects. This allows chance to determine the likelihood of assignment of exposure conditions. This helps control selection bias and confounding.
  3. List 2 disadvantages of RCTs. (1 point) Possible ethical dilemmas due to risks of test treatments and possible harm on participants. The cost of RCTs are high and require a long time of observation.
  1. Which of the following is an advantage of intention to treat analysis? Select all that apply. (2 points) ☐ It maintains the statistical power of the original study population ☐ It prevents the participants from knowing which exposure group they are in ☐ It helps ensure that the study results are unbiased ☐ It gives information on the effectiveness of a treatment under ‘everyday practice conditions’ among motivated volunteers. In general, excluding non-compliers would over-estimate the intervention, but not always ☐ It reflects ideal conditions of randomization
  2. Based on the depicted plan for Team #1 & Team#2 shown below, what specific type of experimental design is this? (2 points) Team #1 à Treatment A à follow up measure outcomes/analyze relationship Team #2 à Treatment B à follow up measure outcomes/analyze relationship A. Simple Crossover trial B. Simple Parallel trial C. Factorial Crossover trial D. Factorial Parallel trial
  3. An ideal NNT value is a value that is greater than 1. (1 point) A. True B. False
  4. In which phase of drug trials are full-scale RCTs conducted on more than a few dozen participants to determine recommended doses and side effects? (1 point) A. Phase I B. Phase II C. Phase III D. Phase IV

Use the following information to answer questions 20-31. A study was conducted to determine if semaglutide (Ozempic) can provide greater benefit in managing diabetes than metformin (referent group in this study). 450 patients aged ≥45 years and who were free of diabetes were eligible and agreed to participate. Among them, 250 were randomly assigned to semaglutide treatment, and 200 to metformin treatment. They were then followed up for 3 years, during which 100 incident cases of diabetes occurred in the Ozempic group, and 90 incident cases of diabetes occurred in the metformin group.

  1. Construct and label the appropriate 2x2 table based on the information provided above. You can copy and paste your table directly from word or create it using the table tools on Canvas. (10 points: 1 point for each numeric cell and ¼ point for each label) Diabetes Occurred No Diabetes Occurred Total Ozempic Treatment 100 150 250 Metformin Treatment 90 110 200 Total 190 260 450
  2. Calculate the cumulative incidence of diabetes among Ozempic users (incidence of diabetes using Ozempic as a treatment). Report your answer as a percentage rounded to one decimal place. (2 points) 100/250= 40%
  3. Calculate the cumulative incidence of diabetes among metformin users (incidence of diabetes using metformin). Report your answer as a percentage rounded to one decimal place. (2 points) 90/200=45%
  4. Calculate the relative risk (RR) of diabetes in metformin vs. Ozempic groups using Ozempic as the referent group. Keep 5 decimal places for intermediate steps and round your final answer to two decimal places. (2 points) .45/.40= 1.
  1. Calculate the relative risk (RR) of diabetes in Ozempic vs. metformin groups using metformin as the referent group. Keep 5 decimal places for intermediate steps and round your final answer to two decimal places. (2 points) .40/.45=.
  2. Let’s assume that the RR for diabetes in Ozempic vs metformin groups is 0.55. Choose the correct interpretation(s) where metformin is the referent group. Check all that apply. ( points) ☐ Patients who received Ozempic have 45% reduced risk of developing diabetes compared to those who received metformin over the 3 years of follow up. ☐ Patients who received metformin have 0.55 times the risk of developing diabetes than those who received Ozempic over 3 years of follow up. ☐Patients who received metformin have 1.82 times the risk of developing diabetes than those who received Ozempic over 3 years of follow up. ☐ Patients who received Ozempic have 0.55 times the risk of developing diabetes compared to those who received metformin over 3 years of follow up. ☐ Patients who received metformin have 45% reduced risk of developing diabetes than those who received Ozempic over the 3 years of follow up.
  3. Calculate the risk difference per 100 people (you also know this as AR from previous modules) between the metformin and Ozempic treatment groups using Ozempic as the reference group. Keep 5 decimal places for intermediate steps and round your final answer to two decimal places. Report per 100 people. (1 point) (.45-.40)*100=
  4. Calculate the risk difference per 100 people (you also know this as AR from previous modules) between the Ozempic and metformin treatment groups using metformin as the reference group. Keep 5 decimal places for intermediate steps and round your final answer to two decimal places. Report per 100 people. (1 point) .40-.45=-
  1. Let’s assume that the NNT calculated above is 40. Choose the correct interpretation. ( points) A. 40 patients need to be treated with metformin to prevent one incidence of diabetes. B. Because the NNT is 40, the treatment is less effective. C. Over 3 years, 40 patients need to be treated with Ozempic to prevent one incident case of diabetes, when compared to treatment with metformin. D. None of the above. E. All of the above
  1. Choose the study design that best matches each statement described below. The study design may be used more than once or not at all. (24 points) Statement Study Design 1 E Inexpensive study that can be quickly conducted when individual level data are not available. A. Case-Control 2 D Observational epidemiological study following people over time so incident cases (HINT: what do we mean by incident cases?) can be determined; This design is cheaper and faster to conduct because of the usage of already existing data. B. Cross-sectional 3 B Data on exposure and outcome at the individual level are gathered at one point in time. C. Ecological 4 _F Each group receives both treatments where Group 1 receives treatment A first, then there is a wash out period followed by treatment B. D. Prospective Cohort 5 D Disease-free individuals are enrolled based on a defined population or exposure at the present then followed up over time to see who develops the disease of interest. E. Retrospective Cohort 6 __D Efficient for multiple outcomes and multiple exposures. F. Randomized Clinical Trial 7 __A Efficient for multiple exposures, but not multiple outcomes. G. Quasi- Experimental Study 8 __A Subjects with and without the outcome of interest are enrolled and then evaluated if they had a history of exposure in the past. 9 C Preferred when the individuals within a group share a similar exposure level (e.g., air pollution levels in a neighborhood) but exposure levels are different between groups (e.g., zip codes). 10 G Investigator non-randomly assigns treatment or intervention. 11 __F Have the highest internal validity. 12 F Blinding or masking is used to control potential bias. 13 __D Observational study with greater potential for loss-to- follow up. 14 A Efficient for studying the incidence of rare diseases