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ASU BIO 202 EXAM 1 FULL ACTUAL LATEST VERSION EXAM WITH WELL DETAILED SOLUTIONS
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function of the pancreas regulate blood sugar alpha cell abundance 20% beta cell abundance 70% delta cell abundance 5% what do alpha cells secrete glucagon what does glucagon do tells the liver to breakdown glycogen, raising blood sugar
what do beta cells secrete insulin what does insulin do promotes synthesis of glycogen. stimulates cells to absorb nutrients and store or metabolize them which lowers blood glucose levels what do delta cells secrete somatostatin what do PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP) gonads ovaries and testes, have both endocrine and exocrine functions gonad exocrine product eggs and sperm
Interstital endocrine cells secrete testosterone and other sex steroids and also makes estrogen why are sperm cells foreign they are not present while the immune system is developing What does keratinocytes do? converts a cholesterol like steroid into cholecalciferol (makes vitamin D) using UV from the sun. Converted by calcitriol the liver production of at least five hormones which include:
Endocrinology the study of this system and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders endocrine glands organs that are sources of hormones, no ducts, internal secretion (metabolism) exocrine glands have ducts, external secretion (sweat) speed and persistence of response Nervous: reacts quickly (ms timescale), stops quickly Endocrine: reacts slowly (seconds or days), effect may continue for days or longer adaption to long term stimuli Nervous: response declines (adapts quickly) Endocrine: response persists (adapts slowly) area of effect nervous - targeted and specific (one organ)
endocrine - general, widespread effects (many organs) chemicals that function as both hormones and neurotransmitters norepinephrine, dopamine, and antidiuretic hormone how do the two systems regulate each other neurotransmitters can affect glands, and hormones can affect neurons target organs/target cells those organs or cells that have receptors for a hormone and can respond to it Hypothalamus master endocrine organ. regulates primitive functions from water balance and thermoregulation to sex drive and childbirth. many of its functions are carried out by the pituitary gland. pituitary gland suspended from hypothalamus by a stalk (infundibulum). Two different origins that perform separate functions: anterior and posterior pituitary anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates release of growth hormone (GH) from anterior pituitary somatostatin inhibits release of GH and TSH from anterior pituitary gland Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates secretion of ovarian sex hormones, development of ovarian follicles, and sperm production (fluxgate) this is a gonadotropin luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates: ovulation, corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone and testosterone, secretion by testes (hormone production) this is a gonadotropin Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates secretion from thyroid gland (TH) from thyroid gland prolactin (PRL) after birth, stimulates mammary glands to synthesize milk (making milk)
Growth Hormone (GH) stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation (metabolism, metabolic rate, etc) Oxytocin stimulates labor contractions and milk extraction. It is also the love hormone. Produced by paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Promotes emotional bonding antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates water retention by the kidneys, thus reducing urine volume and preventing dehydration (more yellow urine). Also called vasopressin (AVP) GH effects on the body tissue induces liver to promote growth stimulants such as insulin like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF - II) or somatomedins (can reduce GRH by telling that to the hypothalamus). Targets the liver mechanisms of GH-IGF action protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, electrolyte balance protein synthesis boosts transcription and translation; increases amino acid uptake into cells; suppresses protein catabolism
melatonin receptor functions circadian rhythms, promotes sleep, antioxidants and anticancer properties (free radicals). allows for the body to heal at night what disrupts melatonin release? blue light Thymus plays a role in three systems: endocrine, lymphoid, and immune system (bigger as a kid) what hormones does the thymus secrete thymopoietin, thymosin, thymulin. also involved in the maturing of T-cells. thyroid gland largest gland that is purely endocrine thyroid gland functions secretes thyroid hormone (TH), more specifically, T4 and T
what does TH do increases metabolic rate, O2 consumption, heat production (calorigenic effect), appetite increases, growth hormone secretion, alertness, and reflex speed. If there is not enough TH. all of this decreases what do parafollicular cells secrete Calcitonin (also released from the thyroid and stores excess calcium) in response to high calcium levels. This stimulates osteoblast activity and bone formation in children what is calcium needed for neuron communication, muscle contraction what is the main function of the parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels what are all the other function of the parathyroid hormone promotes synthesis of calcitriol, decreases urinary excretion, increases bone resorption adrenal (suprarenal) glands sits on superior pole of kidneys; consists of inner and outer parts
muscles use fatty acids, saving glucose for the brain (breaking down muscle, brain needs sugar) more catecholamines effects increases blood pressure, heart rate, blood flow to muscles, pulmonary airflow, and metabolic rate. Decrease digestion and urine production. Reproduction system is impaired as well as the immune system adrenal cortex pt 2 surrounds medulla and secretes several corticosteroids from three layers of glandular tissue mineralocorticoids regulate electrolyte balance Glucocorticoids regulate fuel metabolism aldosterone Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water, most significant mineralocorticoid
what is the most potent glucocorticoid cortisol what does the adrenal cortex do breaks down fat and proteins, helps body adapt to stress and repair itself, has anti inflammatory effects androgens primary adrenal sex steroid Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) the major androgen secreted by the adrenal cortex, associated with the males but both genders need them estradiol major adrenal estrogen pancreas primarily an exocrine digestive gland, but also contains scattered endocrine cell clusters called pancreatic islets
transportation, regulation, protection plasma matrix of blood; clear, light yellow fluid (liquid) formed elements cells and cell fragments (solid) erythrocytes red blood cells platelets cell fragments, responsible for blood clotting (forms natural band aid to stop bleeding) Leukocytes white blood cells blood fractionation separation of blood into its basic components based on centrifugation and coagulation
which are the heaviest and settle first red blood cells (RBC) 45% what is the middle layer WBC and platelets <1% which is the least dense plasma 55% plasma (continued) complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases. Most abundant solute by weight albumins Smallest and most abundant plasma protein; serves as a carrier; keeps water in the bloodstream due to osmotic pressure globulins antibodies/proteins. Roles in solute, transport, clotting, and immunity
