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ASWB MSW exam 2 025 Latest Questions & Answers
positive reinforcement increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. Reward pos bx Negative reinforcement Negative stimulus removed remove shock Positive punishment Undesirable stimulus hitting or shocking Negative punishment Removal of desirable stimulus. Take away tokens Respondent Involuntary bx Pavlov Operant Voluntary bx skinner Cognitive Theory Jean Piaget 0 - 2 Sensorimotor 2 - 7 Preoperational magical thinking and nightmares 7 - 11 Concrete operations abstract thought Formal operations 11 - maturity Moral development Kohlberg
stages 1-2 elementary school Preconventional Early adolescence stages 3-4 gain approval Conventional Adult welfare of others stages 5- 6 Postconventional Learning theory Conceptual framework describing how info is absorbed processed and retained (behaviorists, cognitive, humanistic, social/situational) Individual psychology Adler striving for perfection, compensation, cover up sense of inferiority Self psychology Entral organizing and motivating force in personality result of receiving empathetic responses from caretakers early in life (self-objects). Develop self cohension Validates the child's sense of perfect self Mirroring self-psychology Idealization Child borows strngth from others and identifies eith someone more cspable self psy Twinship/twinning Child needs an alter ego for sense of belonging Ego psychology Focuses on rational conscious processes of the ego in the here and now. Behaves in situation, reality testing, coping and capacity fir relating to others Psychosocial dev focuses on how children socialize Eric Erickson 8 stages Trust v mistrust Birth-one trust based on consistency of caregivers
15 - 24 mo physical mobility can dev fear of abondonment object constancy phase 24 - 38 mo child and mother have separate identity Person In Environment Perspective Ct as part of an environmental system and encompasses all influences, client centered defense mechanisms mental processes that protect individuals from strong or stressful emotions and situations Devaluation BPD exageratted negative qualities to self or others Idealization Admiring someone so much that you see them as perfect Introjection Incorporation of values or qualities of an admired person or group into one's own ego structure Projection Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. Projection Identification Unconsciously attributing and perceiving the behavior of another as a reflection of self BPD reaction formation defense mechanism in which unacceptable impulses are transformed into their opposite Sublimation Maladaptive bx diverted into something socially acceptable Undoing Symbolically negating or canceling out an experience that one finds intolerable Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs The five levels of needs that humans seek to satisfy, from most to least important physiological safety social esteem and self actualization
Stranger Danger in Children Initiates 6-9 months separation anxiety an infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves, most obvious between 9 and 14 months standard deviation a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score fixed interval schedule a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed fixed ratio schedule reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made variable interval schedule a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Variable ratio schedule A schedule of reinforcement in which the response is reinforced after an unspecified number of responses Neurotic anxiety The unconscious anxiety that we will lose control of the ids urges ecological perspective Systems theory views coping as a transactional process that reflects PIE Race Related to a particular social, historical and geographic context Ethnicity Member of particular cultural national or racial group. Two people can share the same race but have different ethnities cultural identity a feeling of belonging to a group that shares the same culture, or way of life Adolescent cultural development
Delerium what disorder usually has an acute onset and is reversible dementia An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment. informed consent permission granted voluntarily by a person who is of sound mind and aware of all factors involved Problem Identification First step in the decision making process; Act of finding a problem and acknowledging that is exists complete participant participates fully; true identity and purpose are not known to subjects participant as observer make known your position as researcher and participate with the group observer as participant Limited relationship with others participating complete observer observes without becoming a participant problem-solving process Ask what they would like to see changed what would be different in lives if problem solved SOAP Subjective objective assessment plan Other Specified Specify the reason that criteria is not met unspecified disorder doesn't fit a standard diagnosis without explanationd DSM-5 section iii
WHO, disability assessment schedule, emerging measures and models ego strength the ability of the ego to function despite competing demands of the id, superego, and reality Tarasoff Case Duty to warn precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance 5 stages of change Universalization the generalization or normalization of behavior Reframing and relabeling stating problem in a different way so a client can see possible solutions continuum of care care provided by different caregivers at different levels of the healthcare system evidence based practice the selection of treatment methods based mainly on empirical evidence of their effectiveness intervention plan plan that will guide action taken and that is develope in collaboration with the client. Define problem, examine cause, generate possible solutions, identify restraining forces, prioritize solutions, SMART objectives, creating strategies service plan Must be measurable and observable goals Intervention planning Engagement, assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation, termination Anna Freud defense mechanisms Watson and Skinner Behaviorism. Behaviors are reinforced by rewards
preconventional, conventional, postconventional Moral Reasoning Stages
- Preoperational (2-7)
- Concrete Operational (7-11)
- Formal Operations (11-12) cognitive development theory piaget Charles levy System of SW 4 core values Muriel pumphrey Importance of ethics Frued- latent content hidden meaning; the interpretation of the dream Frued- manifest content literal description of the dream Superego (Freud) Represents the conscience, holds rules, values for socially acceptable behavior Freud id Pleasure principle biological urges Freud ego Reality principle that manages conflict between the id Ego strength The ability of the ego to function despite competing demands of the id, superego, and reality. syntonic harmonious Dystonic Guilt not insync with ego
psychoanalytic theory Freud's theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personality 3 levels of awareness (Freud) conscious, preconscious, unconscious psychosexual stages of development oral (b-12), anal (2),phallic (3-5) latency (5-puberty),genital (begins at puberty) psychodynamic theories view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences- freud and his followers Family therapy approaches Family is the unit of attention for Dx and tx Strategic Family Therapy Brief active directive and taskcentered. Focus on problem resolution Structural family therapy SW joins the family in effort to restructure it. Enactment of situations Bowenian Family Systems Therapy Genograms are used in _____ family therapy. Differentiation (core concept bring an individual). Emotional fusion (opposite) share emotional bond Psychodrama (Moreno) Roles are enacted in group setting GroupThink the tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue group polarization tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group Systems Theory Change in one part of a person, family, or society affects every aspect of development closed system
Fowler's stages of faith Intuition-projection b-2, mythic-literal 3-7, synthetic-conventional adolescence, individuative- reflective mid-20s, conjunctive-faith mid-life crisis, universalizing or enlightened Bowlby's attachment theory there is a biological basis for attachment that triggers a protective response Ainsworth's Strange Situation series of separations and reunions with caregiver used to assess attachment style Liberal Feminism seeks equal opportunity for both sexes within the existing society Radical Feminism seeks to eliminate the concept of gender itself and to create an egalitarian and gender-free society socialist feminism the attitude that gender inequality is rooted in economic inequality cultural feminism women have special, unique qualities that differentiate them from men Genes Chemical factors that determine traits Cytogenetics Study of chromosomes Locus Location of a gene on a chromosome family life cycle a sequence of stages that families tend to progress through resilience theory confronting a negative stereotype results in a rejection of that view strength-based leadership
Lee Noel, Chip Anderson, and Don Clifton started the Trauma informed care Goals are safety, awareness through mindfulness, and managing physiolgical arousal. Institutionalized discrimination Racism, sexism, ageism Globalization development of a worldwide culture with an interdependent economy wealth disparity the growing divide between the wealthiest few hundred individuals worldwide, and everyone else Problem Identification First step in the decision making process; Act of finding a problem and acknowledging that is exists social learning theory Bandura's view of human development; emphasizes interaction and learning by observation of others constructive play play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something functional play play involving repetitive large muscular movements transpersonal theory Beyond adult ego. Creativity, wisdom and altruism Ethics The principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions Ethics Set of moral principles that guides a persons decision maki g process Values
Eclectic approach Use of different theories with different cliebts Countertransference evident when the counselor's feelings are strong enough to hinder the treatment process. Transference the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships. Past it therapist. Psychoanalysis apaxia LOSS of ability to carry out learned, purposeful movements social constructionism focuses on how individuals put together their social reality through interactions with others Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory focuses on the social contexts in which people live and the people who influence their development. Systems theory Senescence beginning of old age Paternalistic Leadership A leadership style in which employees are consulted but decision making remains firmly at the top. Paternalistic orientation 19th century SW focus on charitable organizations. Visit hungry, homeless internalized oppression when a member of an oppressed group believes and acts out the stereotypes created about their group cognitive inflexibility Black or white thinking - thinking in absolute terms Cultural accommodation
Reconciliation or compromise of opposing cultures. Cultural assimilation Fully converted to new culture. Forced, minor into major culture, can't tell difference Acculturation the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture. Peaceful coexistence Moralistic orientation Technical approach absence of value based Advocating Publicly supporting case management Coordinating services John Holland stressed a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his personality type. Brokering Occurs when a SW negotiates Theory X managers assume that employees are basically lazy and extrinsically motivated. Scientific appprach Theory Y A positive view of workers; it represents the assumptions that human relations advocates make Interventions with organizations-communities Acknowledge the problem, analyze-define problems, generate solutions, evaluate options, implement option of choice, evaluation of outcome cultural formulation Understanding the impact of culture context on illness in DSM Family Sculpting Satir. Physically mold family members into position that represents their relationship
Service, social justice, dignity worth of individual, importance of human relationships, integrity and competence Normative Ethics generalized theories, rules, and principles of ethical or moral behavior. Applying dilemmas to ethical issues Social network mapping Shows all the different systems/environments that people live and communicate with Moralistic orientation Absent of value based facilitator Works with groups for community development, self-advocacy, policy change, political organization undue influence influence that is asserted upon another person by one who dominates that person ethical misconduct SW performs an unethical act gender role identity perception of self as psychologically male or female gender roles attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex Gene role theory Boys and girls learn to perform ones biologically assigned gender thru particular behaviors and attitudes social role theory states that psychological gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men within society and social structure Primary prevention strategies
Aimed to prevent before it occurs secondary prevention Efforts to limit the effects of an injury or illness that you cannot completely prevent. Or has already occurred tertiary prevention actions taken to contain damage once a disease or disability has progressed beyond its early stages- manage long term problems case presentation Demographics, key findings, background, formulation, interventions\plan, reasons for presentation Social policy Guidelines and interventions for changing, maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. The study of social services and welfare social policy analysis Identity problems, dev alternative, assess impact, select desired outcome, implementation of policy, evaluate outcomes Formative Assessment Takes place during learning and is used to plan or modify instruction. Process of delivery independent variable variable that is manipulated believed to be the cause dependent variable Impact or results external validity extent to which we can generalize findings to real-world settings internal validity extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect inferences from a study Hawthorne Experiments
