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ATI Comprehensive BIOS 256 FINAL EXAM STUDY {90+
Questions and Answers}
1) The urinary system does all of the following, EXCEPT it A secretes excess glucose molecules B regulates blood volume C contributes to stabilizing blood pH D eliminates organic waste products E regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes 2) Conical structures that are located in the renal medulla are called A pyramids B renal columns C renal pelvises D nephrons E calyces 3) The region known as the macula densa is part of A the proximal convoluted tubule B the distal convoluted tubule C the collecting duct D the ascending loop of Henle E Bowman’s capsule 4) The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the A renal corpuscle B filtration membrane C loop of Henle D juxtaglomerular apparatus E afferent arteriole 5) A glomerulus is A the expanded end of a nephron B a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle C the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle D the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct E the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron 6) The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney.
- afferent arteriole
- arcuate artery
- interlobar artery
- renal artery
- glomerulus
- interlobular artery
- efferent arteriole
- peritubular capillary The proper order in which blood passes through these vessels is A 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8 B 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8 C 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8 D 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8 E 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8
7) The process of filtration is driven by A active transport B blood osmotic pressure C blood hydrostatic pressure D renal pumping 8) The mechanisms for maintaining the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla require A active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle B active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta C the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to be permeable to water D the vasa recta to be impermeable to water E both A and B 9) Which of the following is greater? A the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the beginning of the loop of Henle B the concentration of solute in the filtrate at the bottom of the descending limb of the loop of Henle 1 The antidiuretic hormone 0 A increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water B is secreted in response to low concentrations of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid. C causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of relatively solute-free urine D helps regulate the concentration of potasium ion in the interstitial space E is sensitive to changes in the blood concentrations of both sodium and potassium 1 In the loop of Henle 1 A water is secreted into the descending limb B sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb C the ascending limb is very permeable to water D the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic E filtrate is produced 1 Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism most? 2 A ADH B aldosterone C ANP D BNP E natriuretic peptide 1 All of the following are components of ECF, except 3 A cerebral spinal fluid B peritoneal fluid C lymph D aqueous humor E plasma 1 Which hormone plays a role in determining the rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss? 4 A ADH B aldosterone C ANP D BNP E natriuretic peptide
1 You are caring for a patient who has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past five days. You suspect that his 5 electrolyte levels are A normal B elevated C the same as upon admission D decreased E noncritical 1 Which hormone affects the osmotic concentration of urine without affecting any ion levels? 6 A ADH B aldosterone C ANP D BNP E natriuretic peptide 1 The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of 7 A calcium ions B chlorine ions C potassium ions D sodium ions E magnesium ions 1 The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will 8 A conserve sodium ions B retain potassium ions C stimulate urinary water loss D secrete greater amounts of ADH E all of the above 1 Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by 9 A stimulating thirst B causing the release of ADH C triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone D A and B E A, B, and C 2 Renal failure can result in 0 A decreased urea B hyponatremia C hyperkalemia D hypokalemia E none of the above 2 Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in 1 A blood vessels B lymph C the cells of the body D the interstitial space E the cerebrospinal fluid
2 The principal cation in intracellular fluid is 2 A sodium B potassium C calcium D magnesium E chloride 2 When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained 3 A the osmolarity of the ECF falls B osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF C both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute D there is an increase in the volume of the ICF E both A and D 2 Consuming a meal high in salt will 4 A drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood B result in a temporary increase in blood volume C decrease thirst D cause hypotension E activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism 2 Aldosterone 5 A is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood B promotes sodium retention in the kidneys C helps decrease blood volume D increases the concentration of sodium in urine E functions in pH regulation 2 When the level of sodium ion in extracellular fluid decreases, 6 A osmoreceptors are stimulated B a person experiences an increased thirst C more ADH is released D there is an increase in the level of aldosterone E there is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor 2 Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by 7 A sweating B the kidneys C the liver D the digestive system E the spleen 2 The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by 8 A ADH B aldosterone C parathormone D atrial natriuretic factor E cortisol
A calcitonin B calcitriol C aldosterone D cortisol E ADH 3 Each of the following statements concerning chloride ions is true, except that 0 A chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF B chloride ion concentrations in the ICF are usually low C chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions D large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine E chloride ions are lost in perspiration 3 The primary role of the carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system is to 1 A buffer stomach acid B buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide C prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids D buffer the urine E increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation 3 Acidosis can cause all of the following, except 2 A coma and death B peripheral vasoconstriction C cardiac arrhythmias D heart failure E It can cause all of the above 3 Hypoventilation would cause 3 A respiratory acidosis B respiratory alkalosis C metabolic acidosis D metabolic alkalosis 3 In response to respiratory alkalosis, the 4 A respiratory rate increases B tidal volume increases C kidneys conserve bicarbonate D kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions E body retains more carbon dioxide 3 Prolonged vomiting can result in 5 A respiratory acidosis B respiratory alkalosis C metabolic acidosis D metabolic alkalosis 3 A person with emphysema will exhibit signs
of 6 A respiratory acidosis
3 To survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of 9 A ECF B body fluids C ICF D plasma E all of the above 4 A acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere 0 A fixed B organic C volatile D level E short 4 The reproductive system 1 A produces gametes B stores and transports gametes C nourishes gametes D A and B only E all of the above 4 Projections of the tunica albuginea, known as septae, divide the testis into 2 A seminiferous tubules B straight tubules C lobules D interstitial areas E the tunica albuginea and the testis proper 4 Straight tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the 3 A epididymis B ductus deferens C rete testis D efferent ducts E ejaculatory ducts 4 The spermatic cord is 4 A a dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds the testis B a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens and the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis. C a narrow opening that links the scrotal chamber with the peritoneal cavity D the external marking of the boundary between the two chambers of the scrotum. E a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac. 4 Interstitial cells produce 5 A sperm B inhibin C nutrients D androgens
E androgen-binding protein.
C 4, 1, 2, 3
D 4, 1, 3, 2.
E 1, 4, 3, 2
5 The structure that carries sperm from the seminal vesicle to the urethra is the 3 A ductus deferens B epididymis C seminal vesicle D ejaculatory duct E corpus cavernosum
5 The tubular structure that produces a secretion that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen is the 4 A prostate gland B bulbourethral gland C seminal vesicle D corpus cavernosum E preputial gland 5 The structure that surrounds the urethra and produces an alkaline secretion is the 5 A seminal vesicle B bulbourethral gland C prostate gland D preputial gland E Bartholin’s gland 5 Seminal fluid contains all of the following, EXCEPT 6 A spermatozoons B seminal fluid C prostaglandins D fructose E enzymes 5 The male organ of copulation is the 7 A urethra B ejaculatory duct C penis D corpus cavernosum E corpus spongiosum 5 The portion of the penis that surrounds the external urethral meatus is the 8 A prepuce B glans C corpus spongiosum D corpus cavernosum E corona glandis 5 The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the 9 A membranous urethra B penile urethra C glans penis D corpus spongiosum E corpus cavernosum 6 The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to 0 A stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone B stimulate the sustentacular cells to produce inhibin C initiate sperm production in the testes D develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics E influence sexual behaviors and sex drive
6 A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for 8 A follicle maturation B menstruation C ovulation D menopause E atresia 6 During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, 9 A ovulation occurs B a new functional layer is formed in the uterus C secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium D the old functional layer is sloughed off E the corpus luteum is formed 7 During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle 0 A ovulation occurs B a new uterine lining is formed C glands enlarge and accelerate their rates of secretion D the old functional layer is sloughed off E the corpus luteum is formed 7 During the menses 1 A ovulation occurs B a new uterine lining is formed C secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium D the old functional layer is sloughed of E the corpus luteum is formed 7 All of the following are true of the vagina, EXCEPT that it 2 A serves as a passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids B receives the penis during coitus C holds spermatozoa prior to their passage to the uterus D forms the lower portion of the birth canal E loses a portion of its lining during menstrual flow 7 In the mammary gland, milk production occurs in the 3 A lobes B lobules C lactiferous duct D lactiferous sinus E lactiferous adipose tissue 7 The clitoris is 4 A a thin epithelial fold that partially or completely blocks the entrance to the vagina B a fleshy fold that encircles the vestibule C a mound of fat that is superior to the pubis D a mass of erectile tissue located at the anterior margin of the labia minora E a shallow recess that surrounds the cervical portion of the vagina
7 The principal hormone(s) secreted by the corpus luteum is/are 5 A LH B FSH C progesterone D estrogen E estradiol 7 Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of 6 A FSH B LH C relaxin D estrogen and progesterone E human chorionic gonadotropin 7 The developing follicle cells secrete 7 A estrogens B progesterone C FSH D LH E GnRH 7 The hormone estradiol does all of the following, EXCEPT that it 8 A stimulates bone and muscle growth B maintains female secondary sex characteristics C stimulates the symptoms of menopause D maintains functional accessory reproductive glands and organs E initiates repair and growth of the endometrium 7 All of the following occur at puberty in both sexes, EXCEPT that 9 A levels of FSH increase while levels of LH decrease B gametogenesis begins C secondary sex characteristics begin to appear. D a sex drive develops E both A and B 8 The is the inferior portion of the uterus that extends from the isthmus to the vagina 0 A body B cervix C fundus D myometrium E internal os 8 Which muscle draws the scrotal sac close to the body to control scrotal temperature? 2 A dartos B inguinal C cremaster D ductus E parietal
9 Testosterone and other androgens are secreted by the 0
A hypothalamus B anterior lobe of the pituitary gland C sustentacular cells D interstitial cells E hypophysis 9 The solid ball of cells that is formed after several rounds of cell division following fertilization is called a 1 A chorion B blastula C gastrula D morula E blastocyst 9 The hormone that increases the flexibility of the symphysis pubis and causes dilation of the cervix during pregnancy is 2 A luteinizing hormone (LH). B progesterone C human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). D human placental lactogen (hPL). E relaxin 9 In , implantation occurs somewhere other than in the uterus 3 A ectopic pregnancy B abortion C hydramnios D placenta previa E none of the above 9 Human chorionic somatomammotropin will not be converted to active status without 4 A estrogen B progesterone C placental prolactin D only A and B E A, B, and C
