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DIVE ICP Quarterly Exam 2
questions and answers 2024
updated
Atomic Mass - √√The mass of an atom, including its protons, neutrons, and electrons. It is usually expressed in atomic mass units (amu). Atomic mass unit - √√The unit of measure used to express the mass of an atom, defined as one-twelfth the mass of an atom of carbon-12. atomic number - √√The number of protons in an atom. Each element has a unique atomic number, that stays constant, which allows it to be used to identify an atom. Mass number - √√The total number of protons plus neutrons of an atom. Isotopes - √√Elements whose atoms have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. isotopic notation - √√A method of notation used to express the identity of an atom. It lists the atomic number, and mass number.
nuclear chemistry - √√The area of chemistry that deals with radioactivity, and reactions involving radioactive material. radioactivity - √√When particles and rays are emitted from a nuclei. alpha particle - √√A particle identical to a helium nucleus, composed of two protons and two neutrons bound together. beta particle - √√An electron or positron emitted during beta decay. gamma ray - √√High frequency electromagnetic radiation emitted from an atom's nucleus. alpha decay - √√The process in which an atomic nucleus decays and emits an alpha particle. radioactive dating - √√Measuring the difference between the initial amount of radioactive material and the current amount, and using the rate of decay to determine its age. nuclear bombardment reaction - √√A reaction caused by the bombardment of a nucleus by atomic particles or other nuclei. nuclear fission - √√A nuclear reaction in which an atom's nucleus is split, releasing large amounts of energy.
pH scale - √√A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, based on the concentration of hydronium ions. strong acid - √√Strong acids completely dissociate into hydronium ions. weak acid - √√The weaker an acid is, the stronger its molecules hold together, and few of them dissociate. salt - √√A compound formed from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. The anion from an acid and the cation from the base form a neutrally charged ionic compound. neutralization - √√Chemical reaction of an acid and a base that forms salt and water as products. Solution - √√A homogeneous mixture made up of two or more different substances, a solute which is dissolved into the solvent. solute - √√The portion of a solution that gets dissolved. solvent - √√The portion of a solution that dissolved another substance. suspension - √√A heterogeneous mixture, that differs from a solution in that it contains particles that are not permanently suspended, and will eventually settle out of.
amalgam - √√A solution that is formed by a liquid dissolved into a solid; a liquid solute and a solid solvent. dipole - √√A molecule that has a positive pole at one end, and a negative charge at the other. polar molecule - √√A molecule that has both a positive, and a negative pole. dissociation - √√The process in which ions are separated from each other, allowing an ionic solid to be dissolved into a solute. soluble - √√Possessing the ability to be dissolved. solubility - √√The property of a solute that measures how much of it can be dissolved into a given amount of solvent. miscibility - √√The property of a liquid being able to dissolve into another liquid. saturated - √√The property of a solution that has dissolved the maximum amount of solute under normal conditions. supersaturated - √√The property of a solution that contains more than the amount of solute possible under normal conditions. insoluble - √√Not being soluble, not being able to be dissolved.
coefficients - √√a number in front of a variable. They are used in chemical equations by identify the necessary quantity of each chemical formula. combination reaction - √√a reaction in which two or more substances are combined to form a single product. decomposition reaction - √√A reaction that breaks one substance into two or more products. electrolysis - √√A decomposition reaction that uses an electric current to decompose the reactants. single-replacement reaction - √√a reaction in which one element from a compound is replaced by another element. double replacement reaction - √√a reaction in which two ionic compounds split apart and swap cations and anions. precipitate - √√solid material formed during a chemical reaction. endothermic reaction - √√A reaction that absorbs thermal energy. exothermic reaction - √√a reaction that releases thermal energy chemical formula - √√a method of expressing the makeup of a substance, that identifies each element in it, and the quantity of each one.
subscripts - √√used in chemical formulas to indicate how many atoms of each element are present. oxidation numbers - √√For each element, they indicate how many electrons an atom will gain or lose during a reaction. polyatomic ions - √√Multiple atoms that are covalently bonded, acting as a single unit or particle. binary compounds - √√compounds that are made up of only two elements. Elcetronegativity - √√the degree of attraction an atom has for additional electrons. It helps determine what type of bond an atom will form. ionic bond - √√a type of bond that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. ion - √√An atom or molecule that carries a charge due to the gain or loss of an electron. Anion - √√an ion that has a negative charge Cation - √√an ion that carries a positive charge
Family - √√Sometimes referred to as a group, it is a vertical column in the period table. Group - √√see family Alkali Metals - √√Highly reactive chemical elements that form group 1 (IA), that each have one valance electron. alkaline-earth metals - √√A series of elements that forms group 2 (IIA), that each have two valence electrons. alloys - √√A homogeneous mixture of multiple metallic elements. transition elements - √√A group of strong metals that exhibit similar characteristics, and can be found in groups 3-12 (IB-VIIIB) of the period table. halogens - √√A reactive group of elements that all have seven valence electrons, and are located in group 17 (VIIA). transuranium - √√The group of elements that have atomic numbers larger than 92. noble gases - √√The elements from group 18 (VIIIA) that all have 8 valence electrons (except helium, which has two) and are characterized as being very stable.
periods - √√Horizontal rows of the periodic table, sometimes referred to as series. series - √√see periods metals - √√The group of elements that are characterized as being good conductors, and by the tendency to give up electrons in a reaction. luster - √√Relating to the appearance of the surface of a material, it refers to a sheen or gloss. malleable - √√The ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into a thin sheet. ductile - √√The ability of a substance to be stretched or deformed without breaking. metalloids - √√Elements that exhibit metallic and nonmetallic qualities. nonmetals - √√The group of elements that are characterized as being poor conductors, with the tendency to gain electrons in a reaction. Periodic Table - √√A chart containing all of the elements arranged into rows and columns, based on recurring trends of their properties.
