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The use of substantive analytical procedures in auditing, with a focus on developing precise expectations for ticket revenue at a professional sports team. It outlines the key requirements and considerations for auditors when using analytical procedures, including the need to develop expectations based on a detailed understanding of the client's business and industry, the reliability of data used, and the precision of the expectation. The document also provides a detailed example of calculating a precise expectation for ticket revenue, and discusses how to evaluate whether reported revenue falls within a reasonable range based on the expectation. Overall, this document provides valuable insights into the effective application of analytical procedures as a substantive testing technique in auditing.
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According to Paragraph 2 of the standard, analytical procedures involve comparisons of recorded amounts or ratios to expectations developed by the auditor. The auditor develops such expectations by identifying and using plausible relationships that are reasonably expected to exist based on the auditor's understanding of the client and the industry.
Paragraph 17 states that the expectation should be precise enough to provide the desired level of assurance that differences that may be potential material misstatements, individually or when aggregated with other misstatements, would be identified for the auditor to investigate. The level of detail used to develop the expectation influences the precision, and the more detailed the expectation, the greater the chance of detecting a misstatement (Paragraph 19).
Paragraph 9 examines an auditor's reliance on substantive tests, which may come from tests of details, analytical procedures, or both. The auditor's judgment on the expected effectiveness and efficiency of the available procedures determines which procedure(s) to use (Paragraph 10).
When conducting analytical procedures intended to provide substantive testing, the auditor considers the level of assurance desired and decides which procedure(s) can provide such. The auditor also evaluates the risk of management override of controls, as "substantive analytical procedures alone are not well suited to detecting fraud" (Paragraph 10).
Paragraph 11 outlines the factors that influence the efficiency and effectiveness of an analytical procedure: a) the nature of the assertion, b) the plausibility and predictability of the relationship, c) the availability and reliability of the data used to develop the expectation, and d) the precision of the expectation.
Paragraph 16 focuses on the reliability of data, stating that the auditor should either test the design and operating effectiveness of controls over
financial information used in the substantive analytical procedures or perform other procedures to support the completeness and accuracy of the underlying information. The factors that influence the auditor's consideration of the reliability of data include: - Whether the data was obtained from independent sources outside the entity or from sources within the entity - Whether sources within the entity were independent of those who are responsible for the amount being audited - Whether the data was developed under a reliable system with adequate controls - Whether the data was subjected to audit testing in the current or prior year - Whether the expectations were developed using data from a variety of sources
There are several advantages of developing an expectation at a detailed level rather than an overall or aggregated level. Developing expectations at a detailed level enhances the effectiveness and efficiency of an analytical procedure, as it increases the chance of detecting a misstatement of any given amount opposed to an aggregated expectation. The level of diversity and complexity of information varies greatly depending on the company, and developing expectations at a more detailed level allows the auditor to gain a better understanding of the client's business operations and disaggregate complexity.
Precise Expectation for Ticket Revenue
To establish the 2014 precise expectation of ticket revenues, the average game attendance, ticket price, game revenue, and number of games must first be calculated for typical weekdays and weekends, as well as promotional weekdays and weekends.
The average attendance on a typical weekday is 6,426 attendees per game. The average ticket price for a weekday game is $8.26, and the average ticket price for a weekend game is $8.30.
The average game revenue is calculated by multiplying the game attendance by the ticket price. Using these calculations, the precise expectation for ticket revenue in 2014 is $4,277,630.86.
Evaluating the Reasonableness of Reported
Ticket Revenues
(a) For this calculation, the tolerable difference cannot exceed the overall materiality of the audit. Considering the reported pre-tax net income of $731,845, the generally accepted level of 5% can be used to determine the materiality range for the actual revenue figure. Thus, the reasonable range for total revenue is between $4,241,038.61 and $4,314,223.11.
(b) If the reported ticket revenues were outside the "reasonableness range," it could be due to: - A misstatement in revenues, either from an error or fraud - Failure in incorporating significant factors that affect games'