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Autonomic Nervous System: Anatomy, Functions, and Divisions, Quizzes of Physiology

Daemen CollegePhysiology

An in-depth exploration of the autonomic nervous system (ans), its characteristics, nerve fibers, sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, and their effects on the body. The ans is responsible for controlling the body's involuntary functions, including the heart rate, digestion, and respiration. The anatomy of the ans, its functions, and the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 11/17/2010

maggyduffy180
maggyduffy180 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Autonomic Nervous System
DEFINITION 1
- functions continuously & independently - no conscious
effort needed, controls visceral organs - controlled by a
separate set of neurons, and may travel via separate nerves
than the somatic - Pathway usually consists of 2 neurons
resulting in an additional synapse and may result in
additional ganglia
TERM 2
Autonomic Nervous System Characteristics
DEFINITION 2
- activities are regulated by reflexes - involve efferent fibers
that lead to ganglia outside the CNS - impulses integrated &
regulated to visceral organs - visceral organs respond -
efferent fibers & ganglia make up ANS
TERM 3
Autonomic Nerve Fibers
DEFINITION 3
- All efferent (motor) fibers - Involve 2 neurons - pre -ganglionic -
always myelinated & neurotransmitt er is always Ach; cell body in
CNS & axon leave and forms synapses w/ nerves whose cell bodies
are autonomic ganglia - post-ganglionic - a lways unmyelinated &
sometimes produces Ach; cell body in a utonomic ganglia & axon
goes to visceral effector
TERM 4
Sympathetic Division
DEFINITION 4
- Pre-ganglionic fibers originate from neurons in the lateral
horn of the spinal cord in thoracic & lumbar 2&3 - Pre-
ganglions axons joins ventral root & exits out the
intervertebral foramen; travels via somatic motor nerves -
Pre-ganglions fibers leave spinal nerves through branches
called white ramus and enter sympathetic ganglia
TERM 5
Sympathetic Ganglia
DEFINITION 5
- made of the soma of post-ganglionic neurons - chain
ganglia: a sequence of ganglia running parallel to the spinal
cord - collateral ganglia: ganglia in all other areas of the body
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Autonomic Nervous System

  • functions continuously & independently - no conscious effort needed, controls visceral organs - controlled by a separate set of neurons, and may travel via separate nerves than the somatic - Pathway usually consists of 2 neurons resulting in an additional synapse and may result in additional ganglia TERM 2

Autonomic Nervous System Characteristics

DEFINITION 2

  • activities are regulated by reflexes - involve efferent fibers that lead to ganglia outside the CNS - impulses integrated & regulated to visceral organs - visceral organs respond - efferent fibers & ganglia make up ANS TERM 3

Autonomic Nerve Fibers

DEFINITION 3

  • All efferent (motor) fibers - Involve 2 neurons - pre-ganglionic - always myelinated & neurotransmitter is always Ach; cell body in CNS & axon leave and forms synapses w/ nerves whose cell bodies are autonomic ganglia - post-ganglionic - always unmyelinated & sometimes produces Ach; cell body in autonomic ganglia & axon goes to visceral effector TERM 4

Sympathetic Division

DEFINITION 4

  • Pre-ganglionic fibers originate from neurons in the lateral horn of the spinal cord in thoracic & lumbar 2&3 - Pre- ganglions axons joins ventral root & exits out the intervertebral foramen; travels via somatic motor nerves - Pre-ganglions fibers leave spinal nerves through branches called white ramus and enter sympathetic ganglia TERM 5

Sympathetic Ganglia

DEFINITION 5

  • made of the soma of post-ganglionic neurons - chain ganglia: a sequence of ganglia running parallel to the spinal cord - collateral ganglia: ganglia in all other areas of the body

Anatomy of Sympathetic Chains

  • 1 chain on each side - ganglia includes: 3 cervical, 12 thoracic, 2-5 lumbar, 4-5 sacral, 1 coccygeal - fusion causes individuals to vary TERM 7

Chain Pre-Ganglionic Fibers

DEFINITION 7 -Chain ganglia is innervated by pre-synaptic fibers from T1-L2 only -No cervical, sacral and most lumbar innervation -Thoracic nerves innervate - cervical and thoracic ganglia -T12, L1& L2 innervate - lumbar and thoracic ganglia -If thoracic spinal nerves are damaged, there is no thoracic motor of sympathetic functions -If cervical spinal nerves are damaged, cervical muscle is paralyzed, but retains sympathetic functions -Once they leave the spinal nerve and enter chain ganglia they can: - synapse within ganglia at white ramus, travel threw to synapse with a different ganglia, or go directly to collateral ganglia or gland TERM 8

Chain Post-Ganglionic Fibers

DEFINITION 8

  • Exit ganglia to visceral effectors - unmyelinated fibers leave threw gray ramus to spinal nerve effector - Exit threw the sympathetic nerve to the effector TERM 9

Collateral Ganglia

DEFINITION 9

  • usually single - post ganglionic fibers go straight threw chain ganglia w/o synapsing, and go to abdominal viscera to synapse - Major collateral ganglia include: - Celiac: pancreas, liver - Superior mesenteric: Intestines - Inferior mesenteric: reproductive organs & bladder TERM 10

Suprarenal

Medullae

DEFINITION 10

  • presynaptic fibers go threw both chain & collateral ganglia - they go straight to the medulla of the adrenal gland - this stimulates the production of hormones epinephrine & norepinephrine - has no post-ganglionic fibers

Parasympathetic Division

  • Pre-ganglionic fibers arise from neurons in the mid brain, pons, medulla & sacral region of the spinal cord - Pre-ganglionic fibers exits vis cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 & sacral nerves 2-4 - Cranial nerves 3,7, & 9 go to ganglia near target organs (eyes and facial glands) - Cranial Nerve 10 & sacral nerves 2-4 converge in large autonomic plexus, exits plexus and goes to target organs (heart, lungs, GI tracts, urinary tracts, sexual organs) TERM 17

Parasympathetic General Functions

DEFINITION 17

  • constricts pupils - stimulates defecation - increases motility of digestive tracts - constricts respiratory passages - stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes and hormones promoting absorption - constricts urinary bladder - reduced heart rate & force of contraction - controls sexual arousal TERM 18

Activation and Neurotransmitter Release

DEFINITION 18

  • all release Ach, which is quickly cleaned up but acetylcholinesterase which produces a short lived & localized effect - 2 types of Ach receptors - Nicotinic - excitatory; on all ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and parasympathetic - Muscarinic - at all neuroeffector junctions, can be excitatory or inhibitory, longer lasting TERM 19

Parasympathetic Division Overview

DEFINITION 19

  • Pre-synaptic neurons are long and secrete Ach - Post- synaptic fibers are short, secrete Ach& can be either inhibitory or excitatory - It innervates organs in the head & abdominopelvic area - All ganglia in or near target organs TERM 20

Duel Innervation

DEFINITION 20

  • when an organs receives innervation from both sympathetic & parasympathetic - occurs in most organs

Cranial area organs

  • sympathetic division reaches by chain ganglia - parasympathetic division reaches by cranial ganglia TERM 22

Thoracic & Abdominal

Regions

DEFINITION 22

  • bot sympathetic & parasympathetic mingle at plexuses (cardiac & esophagus) TERM 23

Visceral Reflexes

DEFINITION 23

  • are the simple functional unit of the ANS - provides and autonomic motor response, common for the digestive system
  • long reflexes go to the CNS for processing - Short reflexes are processed by the autonomic ganglion TERM 24

Control of Autonomic Activity

DEFINITION 24

  • there are many control center in the medulla - the hypothalamus regulates body temperature - Limbic system and cerebral cortex control ANS when a person is stressed