Computer Evolution and Performance: From ENIAC to Multiple Cores, Lecture notes of Computer Architecture and Organization

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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 th Edition Chapter 2 Computer Evolution and Performance

ENIAC - background

• (^) Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• (^) Eckert and Mauchly
• (^) University of Pennsylvania
• (^) Trajectory tables for weapons
• (^) Started 1943
• (^) Finished 1946 —Too late for war effort
• (^) Used until 1955

von Neumann/Turing

• (^) Stored Program concept
• (^) Main memory storing programs and data
• (^) ALU operating on binary data
• (^) Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing
• (^) Input and output equipment operated by control unit
• (^) Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies —IAS
• (^) Completed 1952

Structure of von Neumann machine

Structure of IAS – detail

Commercial Computers

• (^) 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation
• (^) UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
• (^) US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
• (^) Became part of Sperry-Rand Corporation
• (^) Late 1950s - UNIVAC II —Faster —More memory

Transistors

• (^) Replaced vacuum tubes
• (^) Smaller
• (^) Cheaper
• (^) Less heat dissipation
• (^) Solid State device
• (^) Made from Silicon (Sand)
• (^) Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
• (^) William Shockley et al.

Transistor Based Computers

• (^) Second generation machines
• (^) NCR & RCA produced small transistor machines
• (^) IBM 7000
• (^) DEC - 1957 —Produced PDP-

Generations of Computer

• (^) Vacuum tube - 1946-
• (^) Transistor - 1958-
• (^) Small scale integration - 1965 on —Up to 100 devices on a chip
• (^) Medium scale integration - to 1971 —100-3,000 devices on a chip
• (^) Large scale integration - 1971- —3,000 - 100,000 devices on a chip
• (^) Very large scale integration - 1978 - —100,000 - 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• (^) Ultra large scale integration – 1991 - —Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip

Moore’s Law

• (^) Increased density of components on chip
• (^) Gordon Moore – co-founder of Intel
• (^) Number of transistors on a chip will double every year
• (^) Since 1970’s development has slowed a little — (^) Number of transistors doubles every 18 months
• (^) Cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged
• (^) Higher packing density means shorter electrical paths, giving higher performance
• (^) Smaller size gives increased flexibility
• (^) Reduced power and cooling requirements
• (^) Fewer interconnections increases reliability

IBM 360 series

• (^1964)
• (^) Replaced (& not compatible with) 7000 series
• (^) First planned “family” of computers —Similar or identical instruction sets —Similar or identical O/S —Increasing speed —Increasing number of I/O ports (i.e. more terminals) —Increased memory size —Increased cost
• (^) Multiplexed switch structure

DEC PDP-

• (^) First minicomputer (after miniskirt!)
• (^) Did not need air conditioned room
• (^) Small enough to sit on a lab bench
• (^) $16, —$100k+ for IBM 360
• (^) Embedded applications & OEM
• (^) BUS STRUCTURE

Semiconductor Memory

• (^1970)
• (^) Fairchild
• (^) Size of a single core —i.e. 1 bit of magnetic core storage
• (^) Holds 256 bits
• (^) Non-destructive read
• (^) Much faster than core
• (^) Capacity approximately doubles each year

Intel

• (^) 1971 - 4004 —First microprocessor —All CPU components on a single chip —4 bit
• (^) Followed in 1972 by 8008 —8 bit —Both designed for specific applications
• (^) 1974 - 8080 —Intel’s first general purpose microprocessor