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PKFOKAM INSTITUTE OF EXCELLENCE
Dignity-Faith-Responsibility
Prep-semester Fall 2023
By: MBAMFON FOSSO, MEKAMTIO, EMMANUELLA, KUETCHE
DANIELLE, NJI WINSTON
Supervisor: Mr. TIMOH WILLIAM CHICK
Academic year: 2023-
The Distaff & Spindle
Distaff
Origins
● It is the oldest spinning machine whose main advantage was its portability.
○ It reached Europe via the Middle East in European Middle Ages.
How it works
○ A distaff is about 3 feet (0.9m) long. It is used to hold the unspun fibers of flax,
wool or cotton to keep them untangled.
Spindle
● How it works
○ The spindle is a rotating rod about 12 inches(0.3m) long in which fibers are
twisted to form yarn or thread.
■ It may have a hook or groove to guide the yarn and a whorl which affects the
momentum of the spindle
● The overall shape taken by the thread on the spindle is called the cop.
Spinning Jenny
● Who made it
○ It was invented by James Hargreaves, an Englishman, in 1764.
● Inspiration
○ He was inspired to build this machine after seeing his wife's spinning wheel fall over and
the spindle continue to spin.
● How it works
○ The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun, so by turning a single
wheel, the operator could spin eight threads at once.
○ The rovings were wound on pins, and each roving extended across the jenny to the
opposite spindle.
● Efficiency
○ One person could spin as much yarn as 20-100 people using old spinning wheel
● Riots
○
Spinners were scared to lose their jobs
● Spinning Jenny and industrial revolution
○ Pioneered the factory system of cotton manufacturing
The Water Frame
● Who was Richard Arkwright?
○
Richard Arkwright, an Englishman born on December 23, 1732.
○ Youngest child in a poor family of 13 children
● Key terms
○ Warp
■ Warp is positioned lengthwise (vertically)
■ The warp is a stronger thread than the weft
○ Weft
■ Is inserted over and under the warp.
● How it works
○ The water frame used water power from a river to turn a water wheel
○ The energy produced by this wheel was transferred to individual frame machines
in a factory via a series of gears.
■ .It spun wheels attached to the frames, and this rotary motion, spun the
spindles of thread
● Which was processed into yarn
○ Then turned into final product by weavers
● Advancements
○ It replaced the spinning wheel in factories
The Telegraph
● The inventor
○ Samuel Finley Breese Morse
○ Was born in 1791
○ Charlestown, Massachusetts
● Education
○ He attended Phillips Academy and later Yale College
● Interests
○ Morse developed a keen interest electricity and electric batteries
■ One of his physics teachers, conducted an experiment sending
electricity through a chain in a dark room, which fascinated
Morse
■ Morse attributed this experiment as the initial inspiration for
his invention of the telegraph.
Morse the artist
● Art in College
○ Samuel Finley Breese Morse started made
miniatures in college
● Studies
○ Studied art in London for 4 years with Benjamin
West
■ Benjamin West a famous historian artist.
● Return to US
○ Opened a studio in Boston
○ Painted Judgment of Jupiter which garnered
considerable attention
● Success in miniatures
○ Became a successful wandering artist in Vermont
New Hampshire and Charleston, South Carolina.
● Setbacks
○ Failed to take up painting historical pictures.
Back to reality
Restarted portrait painting again
Which eventually made him the greatest
artist in America.
Future success
Became leader of National Academy of Design
Although he was never satisfied
Kept travelling europe to create more art
Making the first Instrument
○ Morse spent all his time on the Electric Telegraph
○ Although he was the most successful paint in america he only painted
enough to earn a scanty living
○ Morse publicly revealed his Electric Telegraph in September, 1837.
○ The first instrument was slow and clumsy
○ His telegraphic code was simple
■ One dot "" stood for"1 ". Two dots "*" stood for"2 ". One
dot "*" and a dash "-" stood for "6, so on for each numeral of
zero
○ Morse used the electromagnet of Sturgeon Henry to record signals in
his system.
■ While Steinheil's electric telegraph and Wheatstone used a
magnetic needle.
Improving the telegraph
● Partners and their roles
Partnered with Professor Gale, of New York University
■ Worked on electric batteries
And Alfred Vail
Furnish the money needed
● Improvements
In the fall of 1838, Samuel Morse developed Morse Code
Which assigned a set of dots and dashes to each letter of
the English alphabet and numbers.
This Code allowed for simple transmission of text over telegraph
lines through electrical signals
The instrument now wrote dots and dashes for the letters
and numbers, instead of using V-shaped figures.
■ Professor Gale improved the batteries to send an electric
current through ten miles of copper wire.
