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BCHM 270 Final Exam With
Correct Answers
Acute Pancreatitis - ANSWER - pancreatic duct obstruction
- enzymes activate inside pancreas, attacking pancreatic tissue
- can be caused by CF
- pancreatic secretion deficiency cystinuria - ANSWER - high concentrations of cysteine in urine
- stones in kidney, ureter and gall bladder hyperammonemia - ANSWER - ammonia is highly toxic
- elevated levels
- liver or urea cycle diseases
- symptoms: tremors, slurred speech, blurred vision PKU - ANSWER - amino acid metabolism error
- phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
- symptoms: elevated Phe and Phe metabolites, hypopigmentation (Tyr deficiency), developmental delays
- treatment: low Phe diet Albinism - ANSWER - Tyrosinase deficiency
MSUD - ANSWER - branched-chain a-keto acid dehydrogenase deficiency
- symptoms: metabolic acidosis--> maple syrup pee smell
- lethal if untreated
- treatment: low protein diet, reduce branched aa intake Jaundice - ANSWER - yellow tinge to skin
- caused by bilirubin deposits --> hyperbilirubinemia
- caused by high rate of RBC destruction, liver dysfunction, bile duct obstruction
- common in newborns who have low levels of the catabolic enzyme gout - ANSWER - hyperuricemia due to overproduction of uric acid or ingestion of too many purine-rich foods
- form of arthritis
- uric acid crystals build up in joints
- treatment: xanthine oxidase lipid malabsorption - ANSWER - symptoms: increased lipids in feces (steatorrhea)
- leads to fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies
- may result from: CF, liver disease CF - ANSWER - secretion thickening and buildup
- lung damage/disease, lipid malabsorption, pancreatic damage (diabetes)
oxidized lipoproteins - ANSWER - LDL accumulation oxidized by free radicals
- atherosclerosis plaques Atherosclerosis - ANSWER - blockage or rupture of artery
- vascular damage
- heart attack & stroke PK deficiency - ANSWER - defective activity --> changes Vmax or Km for substrate or coenzymes, altered gene expression, abnormal response to activator
- hemolytic anemia
G6PD deficiency - ANSWER - PPP regulator
- hemolytic anemia
- inability to detoxify ROS (NADPH deficiency)
- increased resistance to malaria
hemolytic anemia - ANSWER - causes: oxidant drug treatment (e.g. antibiotics), favism, infection
Hypoglycemia - ANSWER - blood glucose deficiency
- symptoms: CNS symptoms, odd behavior, coma
- medical emergency
- quick response to glucose ingestion
importance of plasma aminotransferases - ANSWER - elevated levels in blood indicates cell damage (usually intracellular)
- usually seen connected to liver injury
- can be seen in heart attack and muscle disorders
Bilirubin vs aminotransferases in liver damage - ANSWER aminotransferases higher first bilirubin levels increase later, after initial damage
Type I diabetes - ANSWER - Laura!
- child/tween onset
- immune attack on pancreatic B-cells--> no insulin production
- "triggered" by smth
- genetic
- hyperglycemia
- ketosis
- hypertriglyceridemia
Nucleotide components - ANSWER - nitrogenous base
- 5-C sugar
- phosphate group
purines - ANSWER - 2 rings
Pyrimidines - ANSWER - 1 ring
Central Dogma - ANSWER info flows from DNA -> RNA -> Protein
silent mutation - ANSWER base changes, aa doesn't
missense mutation - ANSWER base changes, aa changes
nonsense mutation - ANSWER base changes, premature STOP codon
frameshift mutation - ANSWER base insertion or deletion that shifts reading frame
Restriction endonucleases - ANSWER an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites, producing small fragments used in genetic engineering. (DNA biotech)
Gel electrophoresis - ANSWER - Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by size
- Placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel (DNA biotech)
DNA cloning - ANSWER isolating DNA sequences and inserting them into other cells that will copy those sequences (e.g. plasmids, viruses) (DNA biotech)
DNA Probes - ANSWER Single stranded DNA fragment complement to the target of interest labeled with radioisotopes or dyes (DNA biotech)
Southern blot - ANSWER blotting separated DNA fragments from gel electrophoresis onto membrane so they can be labeled with DNA probes and studied
cDNA microarray - ANSWER cDNA labeled with dye to discover gene expression in cells (RNA biotech)
SDS-PAGE - ANSWER gel electrophoresis for proteins (polyacrylamide gel) (Protein biotech)
Antibodies - ANSWER - High specificity for their antigens
- tagged antibodies (fluorescence or dye) to detect the presence of certain proteins (Protein biotech)
Western blots - ANSWER blotting for proteins (Protein biotech)
Direct ELISA - ANSWER - Wells coated with antigen of interest
Sandwich ELISA - ANSWER - wells coated with "capture" antibody
- antigen-containing samples added to wells
- enzyme-labeled antibody used to detect antigen presence
ELISA - ANSWER - Detect protein-protein or protein-antigen interactions
Adenine - ANSWER
Cytosine - ANSWER
Guanine - ANSWER
Thymine - ANSWER
Uracil - ANSWER
Hydrogen bonding - ANSWER Weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom in another molecule
amphipathic - ANSWER having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region
Basic amino acids - ANSWER - lysine, arginine, histidine
- positively charged at most pH's
- can form salt bridges
Aromatic side chains for amino acids - ANSWER - Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine
- can cause steric hinderance
- can deeply affect structure of resulting peptide with gain or loss
Alanine - ANSWER Ala, A, nonpolar
Glycine - ANSWER Gly, G, nonpolar
Leucine - ANSWER Leu, L, nonpolar
Valine - ANSWER Val, V, nonpolar
Isoleucine - ANSWER Ile, I, nonpolar
Phenylalanine - ANSWER Phe, F, nonpolar, aromatic
Tryptophan - ANSWER Trp, W, nonpolar, aromatic
Methionine - ANSWER Met, M, nonpolar
Proline - ANSWER Pro, P, nonpolar
Serine - ANSWER Ser, S, uncharged polar
Threonine - ANSWER Thr, T, uncharged polar
Tyrosine - ANSWER Tyr, Y, uncharged polar, aromatic
Asparagine - ANSWER Asn, N, uncharged polar
Glutamine - ANSWER Gln, Q, uncharged polar
Cysteine - ANSWER Cys, C, uncharged polar
what enzymes add phosphate groups - ANSWER kinases
what enzymes remove phosphate groups - ANSWER phosphatases
phosphorylation - ANSWER turns proteins on and off attaches phosphate to a hydroxyl group
Sickle cell anemia results from... - ANSWER protein aggregation resulting from an amino acid change (E -> V)
Primary protein - ANSWER linear sequence of amino acids
Secondary protein - ANSWER max. H bonding alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
tertiary protein - ANSWER - determined by R-group interactions
- stabilizing interactions occur
Quaternary protein - ANSWER binding of 2+ chains or subunits stabilized with noncovalent interactions
Misfolded proteins - ANSWER - degraded quickly by body
- if not degraded, can lead to serious conditions
Alzheimer's disease - ANSWER - peptide cleaved incorrectly leading to aggregation
- neurotoxic plaques build up and cause neuron death
Prion Disease - ANSWER - affects nervous system
- caused by Prion proteins that when folded incorrectly, cause others to fold incorrectly as well
- e.g. a-helices -> pleated sheets
Globular proteins - ANSWER - spherical, water-soluble proteins.
- transporters, storage, enzymes
Fibrous proteins - ANSWER - long multimer chains
- stabilized through disulfide bonds
- structural supports
Osteogenesis Imperfecta - ANSWER Gly-X-Y sequences mutated into bulky amino acids preventing assembly of helices into a collagen fiber
Cofactors - ANSWER inorganic molecules that bind to enzymes, aiding in catalytic activity
Coenzymes - ANSWER Organic molecules that bind to enzymes, aiding in catalytic activity
2 components of an active site - ANSWER 1) Binding site for substrate
- Catalytic site for reaction
Lock & key model - ANSWER - enzyme & substrate fit perfectly
Induced fit model - ANSWER - enzyme will mold around substrate for a tighter fit
Isozymes - ANSWER multiple enzymes capable of catalyzing the same reaction
isoforms - ANSWER slightly different versions of the same protein
Blood Plasma - ANSWER - non-cell liquid portion
Blood Serum - ANSWER - Blood that's been allowed to clot
delta G - ANSWER - Gibbs free E
- when -ve, rxn is spontaneous
- when +ve, rxn is not spontaneous
- when 0, rxn @ equilibrium
exergonic - ANSWER releases energy
endergonic - ANSWER requires energy
Factors affecting enzyme rate - ANSWER 1) Temperature
- pH
- Substrate Concentration
