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Behaviorism Theory

And Its Relation to Instructional Design

Bryan Danley Nakita James Cameron Mims Andrew Simms

Overview

 History of Behaviorism  Behaviorism Theorists  Timeline of Development  Definition of Behaviorism  Application to Instructional Design  Examples of Application  How would you learn with this theory applied to instruction intended for you?  Summary

History of Behaviorism

 Formally founded by John B. Watson in 1913.  19 th^ Century: Similar views as psychoanalytic and Gestalt movements in psychology.  20 th^ Century: Result of cognitive revolution.  21 st^ Century: "behavior analysis," is a thriving field.

Behaviorism Theorists

Ivan Pavlov

• Founder of classical conditioning; unconditioned stimuluscauses unconditioned response

John B. Watson

• Coined the term “behaviorism”
• Studied how a certain stimuli led organisms to make responses
• Believed psychology was only an objective observation of behavior

B.F. Skinner

• Radical Behaviorism: proposed that all action isdetermined at not free
• Operant Response: behavior that control the rate atwhich specific consequences occur

Overview

 History of Behaviorism  Behaviorism Theorists  Timeline of Development  Definition of Behaviorism  Application to Instructional Design  Examples of Application  How would you learn with this theory applied to instruction intended for you?  Summary

Timeline of Development (cont’d)

1943 Clark Hull's of Behavior Principles was published.

1948 B.F. Skinner published Walden II in which he described a utopiansociety founded upon behavioristprinciples.

1959 Noam Chomskypublished his criticism of Skinner'sbehaviorism, "Review of Verbal Behavior."

1971 published his book^ B.F. Skinner Beyond Freedom andDignity , in which he argued that free willis an illusion.

Overview

 History of Behaviorism  Behaviorism Theorists  Timeline of Development  Definition of Behaviorism  Application to Instructional Design  Examples of Application  How would you learn with this theory applied to instruction intended for you?  Summary

Overview

 History of Behaviorism  Behaviorism Theorists  Timeline of Development  Definition of Behaviorism  Application to Instructional Design  Examples of Application  How would you learn with this theory applied to instruction intended for you?  Summary

Application of Instructional Design

 Students will work for things that bring them positive feelings.  Use of a token system can reinforce positive academic performance.  Students can utilize the art of repetition so that information remains concrete during the learning process.  Small progressively sequenced tasks ensure that students remain focused during the learning process.

Example of Application (1)

 A teacher provides a substantial list of practice problems for students to help them learn Algebra.

Stimulus

• The practice problems

Response

• Correct solution to the problem

Learning

• The repetition causes the student to learn Algebra.

Example of Application (2)

 A computer simulation helping prospective airplane pilots learn to fly rewards the user with ‘tokens’ for each successful simulation that, after collecting enough, they can cash in for flying a real plane.

Stimulus

• Reward of ‘tokens’for proper demonstration ofknowledge.

Response

• A feeling ofaccomplishment of getting closer togoal of flying.

Learning

• The repetitioncauses the pilot to learn to fly, andthe ‘tokens’ help reinforce theproper demonstration offlight.

How would you learn with this theory

applied to instruction intended for you?

 Negative reinforcement for an undesired response could be more beneficial.  Examples of what not to do can provide better understanding of the desired end goal.

Overview

 History of Behaviorism  Behaviorism Theorists  Timeline of Development  Definition of Behaviorism  Application to Instructional Design  Examples of Application  How would you learn with this theory applied to instruction intended for you?  Summary