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A comprehensive set of final exam questions and answers for the bi 121 course. It covers a wide range of topics in biology, including the four biological macromolecules, homeostasis, body systems, membrane transport, cellular processes like mitosis and respiration, as well as various tissue types and their functions. The questions are designed to test the student's understanding of fundamental biological concepts and their ability to apply this knowledge. By studying this document, students can prepare for their final exam and ensure they have a solid grasp of the key topics covered in the bi 121 course.
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What are the 4 biological macromolecules and of what are they composed? (Unit #1) - ✔✔Proteins, Nucleic acids, Lipids, Carbohydrates What is homeostasis and what is a homeostatic set point or range? (Unit #1) - ✔✔is a dynamic state of equilibrium in which optimal parameters of the body are maintained. set point or range-the point or range of a parameter at which the body functions best What are the 11 body systems and what is their primary functions? Which organs and glands make up each system? (Unit #1) - ✔✔ Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Cardiovascular Lymphatic Digestive Respiratory Urinary Reproductive Nervous Endocrine What is a passive vs. and active system of membrane transport? (Unit #1) - ✔✔Active: Active Transport uses ATP to pump molecules AGAINST/UP the concentration gradient. Transport occurs from a low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute. Requires cellular energy.
Passive: Movement of molecules DOWN the concentration gradient. It goes from high to low concentration, in order to maintain equilibrium in the cells. Does not require cellular energy. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis? What is the difference between passive and facilitated diffusion? (Unit #1) - ✔✔Diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration across/through a membrane Osmosis: Movement of a water molecules from an area of greater water molecule concentration to an area of lesser water molecule concentration across/through a membrane. What is a permeable and a semi-permeable membrane? (Unit #1) - ✔✔Semi-permeable membrane describes a membrane that allows some particles to pass through, where as the selectively permeable membrane "chooses" what passes through... What is an isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic condition? (Unit #1) - ✔✔Isotonic: solute concentration equal on both sides of membrane Hypotonic: solute concentration lower in environment Hypertonic: solute concentration higher in environment Be able to work diffusion problems similar to your homework? (Unit #1) - ✔✔ What is the difference between a gene, DNA and a chromosome? (Unit #2) - ✔✔DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. A double-helix structure composed of nucleic acids which acts as the instructions or template for the manufacture of proteins. Chromosome: A DNA molecule and the proteins associated with it. Genes: A specific region of a DNA strand (or chromosome) that influences a certain inheritable trait(s). What are the stages of mitosis and what is occurring in each stage? What is happening in interphase? (Unit #2) - ✔✔Stages: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase
What is a fibroblast and what do they produce? (Unit #2) - ✔✔ What are the three layers of the integument? What structures are found in each layer? (Unit #2) - ✔✔ What are the 3 types of bone cells and what do they do? (Unit #3) - ✔✔Osteoblasts: Bone deposition (ossification). Osteocyte: bone maintenance via waste removal, transport nutrients. Osteoclasts: Bone & fiber reabsorption. What are the 3 major types of bone formation processes? (Unit #3) - ✔✔Intramembranous- Originate in sheet-like layers of connective tissue. e.g., flat & sesamoid bones. Endochondral- From ossification of hyaline cartilage bone models e.g., long, irregular, short bones. Appositional- Increases diameter of long bones. What are the functions of muscles? (Unit #3) - ✔✔Movement Thermoregulation Protection from trauma Nutrient reserves What are the 5 cylinders that make up a muscle? (Unit #3) - ✔✔whole muscle→fascicle→fiber→myofibrils→myofilaments What are the components of the sarcomere? (Unit #3) - ✔✔Myosin(thick), Actin(thin), Tropomyosin, Troponin, and Sarcoplasmic reticulum What are the 3 types of muscles and what are their characteristics? (Unit #3) - ✔✔Skeletal
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