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BIO 1 EXAM 1 (YEARGAIN UCF)
questions with answers
scientific method - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔find a problem and want to know why and how to solve it hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an explanation based on observation; tentative explanation, falsifable; more a theory than general comment scientific theory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔explanation based on substantiated bodies of evidence; predictive colloquial theory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔"best guess" - not scientific - not used in everyday language null hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the actual hypothesis that is tested and expects no difference or effect alternative/predictive theory - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔gives an alternative to the null hypothesis and does expect a difference or effect
hierarchy of organization - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔how living organisms are classified 3 domains without a nucleus - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔bacteria, archaea, eukarya 4 kingdoms - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔protista, fungi, plantae, animalia taxonomy system - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (dear king phillip come over for great spaghetti) matter - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔anything that has mass and takes up space an atom is made up of: - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔protons and neutrons inside the nucleus and electrons on the outside protons charge - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔positive neutrons charge - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔neutral (no charge) electrons charge - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔negative
the 2nd shell (electron shell model) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔holds up to 8 electrons the 3rd shell (electron shell model) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔holds up to 18 electrons valence electron - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the electrons on the outermost shell thats association with an atom valence number is equal to - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔# of covalent bonds and # of unpaired electrons ionic bonds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔formed when an atom donates one (or more) electrons to another atom covalent bonds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms (shared electron counts as part of each atoms valence shell) single covalent bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔sharing of one pair electrons double covalent bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔where 2 pairs of electrons are shared between the atoms rather than just 1 pair
electronegativity - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the ability of an atom to attract electrons; depends on # of protons and molecular structure) nonpolar covalent bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔both atoms involved in the bond have equal or almost equal electronegativity polar covalent bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔one atom is more electronegative than the other (unequal sharing of electrons causes a partially positive area and a partially negative area across the molecule) hydrogen bonds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔forms when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom (no sharing/stealing of electrons) cohesion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the attraction of water molecules to other water molecules; holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water (allows water to form drops or flow across surface) adhesion - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the attraction of water molecules to different (not water) polar molecules (what allows water to be transported from plant roots to top of plant)
hydrophilic compounds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔polar molecules and ionic compounds are attracted to other polar molecules (ex. sugar, salts) hydrophobic compounds - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔nonpolar molecules avoid contact with polar molecules -- arrange minimal contact w water (ex. oils, fats) pH - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the concentration of hydrogen [H+] ions pOH - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the concentration of hydroxide [OH-] ions acid - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pH below 7 ; donated hydrogen ions base - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔pH above 7; donates hydroxide ions hydrocarbon - straight chain - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔depends on length and branching Hydrocarbon double bond - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ hydrocarbon ring structure - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔
isomers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements (changes chemical/physical properties) cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔differ in spatial arrangement around a double bond (cis: both on same side of double bond) (trans: on opposite sides of double bond) enantiomers - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔isomers that are mirror images of each other (usually 1 is biologically active) functional groups - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the portion of a molecule that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions macromolecules - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔contain small reactive groups of atoms that have specific chemical properties and characteristics (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids) hydroxyl [OH-] - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔oxygen and hydrogen bonded to a carbon; creates polar compound due to electronegativity of oxygen; makes a compound an alcohol (ethanol)
molecule is created each time monomers link together (dehydrated so NEED water) hydrolysis - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔called breakdown polymers into monomers; 1 water molecule is split each time monomers separate from each other (too much water...need to give some away) carbohydrates - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a macromolecule/polymer that consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; it is a polymer made up of many monomers - which are saccharides (sugar units)- (receive energy from) monosaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔simplest monomer made up in carbohydrate polymer; the most common are glucose, galactose, and fructose disaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔formed when 2 monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction (need water, so form w other molecules) (glucose + fructose= sucrose) polysaccharides - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔(complex sugar); a branched or unbranched long chain of monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond (covalent bond joining a carbohydrate to another group, whether carbohydrate or not)
aldose - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔simple sugar; a type of monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde (-CHO or CH=O) ketose - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔simple sugar; a monosaccharide that contains a ketone group cellulose - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a type of carbohydrate that is made by plants and indigestible by humans (only herbivores/termites) starch - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a type of carbohydrate that is made by plants and is digestible by humans (ex. potatoes, grains, roots) glycogen - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a type of carbohydrate that is made by animals and is stored in liver and muscle (digested by carnivores and omnivores) protein - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a type of macromolecule that is a polymer, made up of repeating units of amino acid; speed up chemical reactions, defense, transport, cellular communication, support, etc.; 3D shape amino acids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the individual monomers that make up the polymer Protein; has an alpha (a) carbon in center attached to an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, an R group (20 diff ones)
quaternary structure - protein - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔interactions between polypeptide chains, including the same interactions as in the tertiary structure denature - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔loss of 3D shape (unravelling) due to extreme environmental conditions (ex. cooking an egg) nucleic acid - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a macromolecule that is a polymer of nucleotide monomers; function is gene expressions deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔contains info to make RNA which is then used to make proteins; codes genetic info ribonucleic acid (rna) - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔carries the "message" or genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where the info. is used to make proteins (DNA: C-G, A-T) (RNA: C-G, A-U) nucleotides - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔monomers that put together make up a nucleic acid polymer; composed of pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base (A,T (or u), C, G) - linked together by phosphodiester bonds
lipids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔organic molecules of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen; not a polymer bc not 1 monomer in common; hydrophobic; fats, phospholipids, steroids fat molecules - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔one glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids; not a true polymer but is one large molecule assembled from smaller molecules glycerol - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an alcohol that a fat molecule is attached to... has 3 carbons, 5 hydrogens, and 3 hydroxyl groups saturated fat - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔fatty acids that lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms...solid at room temperature and from animal sources unsaturated fat - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔fatty acids where there is a double bond between one or more of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain (liquid and from plant sources) phospholipids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a type of liquid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane, cells could NOT exist without it steroids - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔lipids with skeleton of 4 fused carbons rings
