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Metabolism
Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life. TERM 2
Homeostasis
DEFINITION 2 Homeostasis is the property of a system that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition of properties such as temperature or pH. The steady state condition an organism works to maintain. TERM 3
Element
DEFINITION 3 Element In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle not known to have substructure, thus it is not known to be made up of smaller particles. A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance TERM 4
Atom
DEFINITION 4 Atom The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. TERM 5
Polar
DEFINITION 5 Polar Describes a molecule with regions having different charges; capable of ionizing. In chemistry, polarity refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment.
Nonpolar
Nonpolar Won't desolve in water. hydrophobic. In chemistry, polarity refers to a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. TERM 7
Electronegative
DEFINITION 7 Electronegative The tendancy to attract electrons to form a chemical bond. Electronegativity, symbol , is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons towards itself. TERM 8
Hydrogen bond
DEFINITION 8 Hydrogen bond A hydrogen bond is the attractive interaction of a hydrogen atom with an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine, that comes from another molecule or chemical group. TERM 9
Cohesion
DEFINITION 9 Cohesion The tendancy for molecules of the same material to stick together. TERM 10
Hydrophobic
DEFINITION 10 Hydrophobic In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule (known as a hydrophobe) that is repelled from a mass of water.
Protein
Protein Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. Cellular constituents made of amino acids coded for by genes. Proteins can have structural, transport, or enzymatic roles. TERM 17
Enzyme
DEFINITION 17 Enzyme Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze (i.e., increase the rates of) chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. TERM 18
Lipid
DEFINITION 18 Lipid Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. TERM 19
Steroid
DEFINITION 19 Steroid A steroid is a type of organic compound that contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings that are joined to each other. Naturally occurring or synthetic organic fat-soluble substance that produces physiologic effects. TERM 20
Phospholipid
DEFINITION 20 Phospholipid Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for known forms of life on this planet; they include DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid). TERM 22
Prokaryotic
DEFINITION 22 Prokaryotic The prokaryotes are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles. TERM 23
Eukaryotic
DEFINITION 23 Eukaryotic A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. TERM 24
Fluid mosaic
DEFINITION 24 Fluid mosaic The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. the accepted model for how membranes are structured with proteins bobbing in a sea of phospholipids. TERM 25
Species
DEFINITION 25 Species In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
Adaptation
Adaptation An adaptation in biology is a trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection. Trait that is favored by natural selection and increases an individual's fitness in aparticulat environment. TERM 32
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
DEFINITION 32 Adensoine triphosphate (ATP) A nucleotide composed of adenine, the sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy. Form of energy that cells can use. Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. TERM 33
Adenosine Diphosphate
DEFINITION 33 Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleoside diphosphate. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. A nucleotide composed of adenine, a sugarm and two phosphate groups. Produced by the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate bond of ATP TERM 34
Adrenal gland
DEFINITION 34 Adrenal gland Either of two endocrine glands, one located atop each kidnet, that secrete adrenaline in response to stress or excitement, help maintain water and salt balance, and secrete small amounts of sex hormones. TERM 35
Aerobic respiration
DEFINITION 35 Aerobic respiration Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products. Cellular respiration that uses oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Allele
Allele An allele is one of two or more forms of a gene or a genetic locus (generally a group of genes). Alternate versions of the same gene, produced by mutations. TERM 37
Allele frequency
DEFINITION 37 Allele frequency Allele frequency or Gene frequency is the proportion of all copies of a gene that is made up of a particular gene variant. TERM 38
Allopatric
DEFINITION 38 Allopatric Allopatric speciation or geographic speciation is speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant - isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange. TERM 39
Alveoli
DEFINITION 39 Alveoli Sacs inside lungs, making up the respiratory surface in land vertebrates and some fish. TERM 40
Anerobic respiration
DEFINITION 40 Anerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen.
Asexual reproduction
Asecual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction by which offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it is reproduction which does not involve meiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertilization. TERM 47
Assortative mating
DEFINITION 47 Assortative mating Assortative mating is a nonrandom mating pattern where individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than what would be expected under a random mating pattern. TERM 48
Asthma
DEFINITION 48 Asthma Asthma is the common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. TERM 49
Atherosclerosis
DEFINITION 49 Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol. TERM 50
Autosomes
DEFINITION 50 Autosomes An autosome is a chromosome that is not an allosome. Autosomes appear in pairs whose members have the same form but which differ from other pairs in a diploid cell, whereas members of an allosome pair may differ from one another and thereby determine sex. Non-sex chromosome, of which there are 22 pairs in humans.
Bacteria
Bacteria Bacteria are a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. TERM 52
Behavioral isolation
DEFINITION 52 Behavioral isolation Prevention of mating between individuals in two different populations based on differences in behavior. TERM 53
Biodiversity
DEFINITION 53 Biodiversity Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. TERM 54
Biogeography
DEFINITION 54 Biogography Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species, organisms, and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time. TERM 55
Biological Evolution
DEFINITION 55 Biological Evolution Evolution is any change across successive generations in the inherited characteristics of biological populations.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis Bronchitis is inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi, the airways that carry airflow from the trachea into the lungs. TERM 62
Bronchioles
DEFINITION 62 Bronchioles The bronchioles or bronchioli are the first passageways by which the air passes through the nose or mouth to the air sacs of the lungs in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in their submucosa. The branching air passageway inside the lungs. TERM 63
Capillary
DEFINITION 63 Capillary Capillaries are the smallest of a body's blood vessels and are parts of the microcirculation. Their endothelial linings are only one cell thick. TERM 64
Carrier
DEFINITION 64 Carrier Individual who is heterozygous for a recessive allele. TERM 65
Cartilage
DEFINITION 65 Cartilage Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs.
Cerebellum
Cerebellum The cerebellum is a region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control. TERM 67
Cerebrum
DEFINITION 67 CerebrumThe cerebrum or telencephalon, together with the diencephalon, constitutes the forebrain. In humans, the cerebrum is the most superior region of the vertebrate central nervous system. Portion of the brain in which language, memory, sensations, and decision making are controlled. the cerebrum has two hemispheres, each of which has four lobes. TERM 68
Chromosomes
DEFINITION 68 ChromosomesA chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. TERM 69
Chyme
DEFINITION 69 ChymeChyme is the semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum. TERM 70
Common descent
DEFINITION 70 Common descentIn evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share common descent if they have a common ancestor. There is strong quantitative support for the theory that all living organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor.
Directional selection
Directional selectionIn population genetics, directional selection is a mode of natural selection in which a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction. TERM 77
Diverge
DEFINITION 77 Diverge or DivergenceOccurs when gene flow is eliminated between two populations. over time, traits found in one population begin to differ from traits found in the other population. TERM 78
Diversifyin selection
DEFINITION 78 Diversifying selectionNatural selection for individuals at both ends of a range of phenotypes but against the average phonotype. TERM 79
DNA
DEFINITION 79 DNADeoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). TERM 80
DNA replication
DEFINITION 80 DNA replicationDNA replication is a biological process that occurs in all living organisms and copies their DNA; it is the basis for biological inheritance. thesynthesisof two daughter DNA molecules from one original parent molecule. takes place during the S phase ofinter phase.
Domains
DomainsMost inclusive biological category. biologists group life into three major domains. TERM 82
Dominant
DEFINITION 82 DominantApplies to an allele with an effect that is visible in a heterozygote. TERM 83
Effectors
DEFINITION 83 EffectorsMuscle, gland, or organ stimulated by a nerve. TERM 84
Egg cell
DEFINITION 84 Egg cellEgg cell refers to one of the two principal types of gametes in anisogamous organisms. The larger, non-motile gamete is called the female gamete or egg cell, and the smaller, either motile or not, is called the male gamete or sperm. TERM 85
Essential amino acids
DEFINITION 85 An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism, and therefore must be supplied in the diet.
Founder Effect
Founder EffectIn population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. TERM 92
Founder hypothesis
DEFINITION 92 Founder hypothesisthat the diversity of unique species in isolated habitats results from divergence from a single founding population TERM 93
Gamete Incompatibility
DEFINITION 93 Gamete incompatibilityAn isolating mechanism between species in which sper from one cannot fertilize eggs from another TERM 94
Gametes
DEFINITION 94 GametesA gamete is a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually. TERM 95
Gene
DEFINITION 95 GeneA gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a polypeptide or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism.
Gene pool
Gene poolIn population genetics, a gene pool is the complete set of unique alleles in a species or population. TERM 97
Genealogical species concept
DEFINITION 97 Genealogical species concepta scheme that identifies as separate species all populations with a unique lineage TERM 98
Genetic drift
DEFINITION 98 Genetic drift or allelic drift is the change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling. TERM 99
Genetic variation
DEFINITION 99 Genetic variation, variation in alleles of genes, occurs both within and among populations. Genetic variation is important because it provides the -raw material- for natural selection. TERM 100
Genotype
DEFINITION 100 The genotype is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific character under consideration.
