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Bio 12 Exam 1 with correct answers
Ecology - correct answer ✔ study of how organisms relate to one another and to the physical environment; interested in general interactions; uses method of scientific inquiry to answer questions Hypothesis - correct answer ✔ proposition, or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena Experimental control group - correct answer ✔ group to compare to (control group and prior info) Sample Size - correct answer ✔ need a reasonably large group to test on Replication - correct answer ✔ experiment needs to be repeated by other scientists, should get the same result Meta-analysis - correct answer ✔ statistically combining data from multiple studies; not reliant on one experiment to build hypothesis for report Y-axis - correct answer ✔ horizontal line on graph that represents the independent variable X-axis - correct answer ✔ vertical line on graph that represents the dependent variable
Independent Variable - correct answer ✔ y-axis; control group Dependent Variable - correct answer ✔ x-axis, subject to change Line Graph - correct answer ✔ displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments Scatterplot - correct answer ✔ Scatterplot - correct answer ✔ linear line drawn through dots Bar Graph - correct answer ✔ independent variable broken into different categories Confirmation Bias - correct answer ✔ tendency to embrace or overvalue information that confirms our views while rejecting information that casts doubt on it Cells - correct answer ✔ smallest unit of life; basic building blocks of all living things; they provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions; also contain the body's hereditary material and can make copies of themselves Unicellular - correct answer ✔ single celled; bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae, and fungai; gametes
Nucleus - correct answer ✔ central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Haploid - correct answer ✔ contains one copy of each chromosome, not part of pair (ex. nucleus of eukaryotic cell of human gametes-egg & sperm) Diploid - correct answer ✔ two copies of each chromosome; mammals; one from mother and one from father Gene - correct answer ✔ region of DNA which is made up of nucleotides and is the molecular unit of heredity; ex = pod color, flower color, plant height Alleles - correct answer ✔ different variant of genes, caused by mutations which lead to different expressions of phenotypical traits; mistakes in copying can lead to new ones of these Genotype - correct answer ✔ part of DNA sequence that make up the genetic makeup of a cell, determine what phenotypes will be given, given it's genetic code Phenotype - correct answer ✔ results from the expression of an organism's genetic code, its genotype, as well as the influence of environmental factors and the interactions between the two, such as eye color (physical characteristics) Homozygous - correct answer ✔ same alleles of gene; RR Heterozygous - correct answer ✔ two different alleles of gene; Rr
Mutation - correct answer ✔ permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence; result from errors during DNA replication or other types of damage to DNA; play an integral part in evolution/natural selection Evolution - correct answer ✔ change in the frequency of trait within population over time Natural Selection - correct answer ✔ differential success of individuals within population based on interactions with environment Differential Fitness - correct answer ✔ differences in reproductive success Intraspecific Variation - correct answer ✔ variation within species Alfred R. Wallace - correct answer ✔ co-discovered evolution by natural selection (with Darwin); was actually the first to come up with the idea, but under much worse circumstances than Darwin and collected many more samples, so was able to witness the variations within species; realized that natural checks are occurring in animal world, like humans; posted his findings for Darwin Charles Darwin - correct answer ✔ discovered evolution with Wallace; his work was inspired by Wallace; received most of the credit because of his class status
Norman Borlaug - correct answer ✔ led initiatives worldwide that contributed to the extensive increases in agricultural production termed the Green Revolution; high-yield varieties; short-term solution to hunger Cavendish - correct answer ✔ introduced after the Gros Michel was wiped out by Tropical Race 1; today's banana that is eaten in one single variety, susceptible to Tropical Rave 4 disease; propagated from offshoots Tropical Race 4 - correct answer ✔ a fungal plant pathogen that causes Panama disease of banana; can spread in soil and running water, on farm implements or machinery Citrus Greening Disease - correct answer ✔ bacteria (pathogen) transmitted by insects that effect citrus Nikolai Vavilov - correct answer ✔ started the first global seed bank; passionate about ending famine in Russia and world; first to come up with idea to gather and safely store the seeds of as many different crop varieties as we can before they disappear forever Svalbard Seed Vault - correct answer ✔ 800 miles from north pole; placed above sea level and surrounded by permafrost; preserve the diversity of world's food crops; no GMOs allowed here; backup seeds to ensure that will have food to grow when climate changes for next generations Loss of Shattering - correct answer ✔ tendency of seeds to break off of plant once mature
Selective Breeding - correct answer ✔ selectively crossing two parents that have desirable traits to produce offspring with those desired traits; has resulted in the large diversity of livestock and crops that we have today; humans are doing the selecting Grafting - correct answer ✔ joining stems of multiple plants to form one individual; cells heal to work as one; allows the growth of specific varieties; has been practiced for a long time Selective breeding with induced mutation - correct answer ✔ works like natural selection in that it can only work with existing variations (needs a source to start with); more traits there are to work with the higher the mutation rate; induced through chemical and radiation applications Agrobacterium tumefaciens - correct answer ✔ bacterial protein that contains a plasmid that allows for the insertion of select DNA into plant cells; crops engineered to produce this Belief Perseverance - correct answer ✔ when someone believes something even if belief or concept is disproven Meta-analysis - correct answer ✔ statically combining data from multiple studies Experimental control group - correct answer ✔
