Download BIO 141 Exam 1 – NVCC Anatomy & Physiology I | 2025 Verified Proctored Exam with 100% PASS and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 141 Exam 1 – NVCC Anatomy & Physiology I | 2025 Verified
Proctored Exam with 100% Correct and Detailed Answers |
Northern Virginia Community College
study of the functions of the body parts physiology increase in body size without change in shape growth movement of substances from place to place in body fluids circulation change in the position of the body or a body part; motion of an internal organ movement study of the structure of body parts anatomy breakdown of food into simpler substances digestion obtaining oxygen, using oxygen in releasing energy from foods and removing carbon dioxide respiration passage of digestive products through membranes and into body fluids absorption (1) movement; (2) responsiveness; (3) growth; (4) reproduction; (5) respiration; (6) digestion; (7) absorption; (8) circulation; (9) assimilation; (10) excretion life (10 characteristics) changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms assimilation production of new organisms and new cells reproduction reaction to a change taking place inside or outside the body
responsiveness removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions excretion (1) subatomic particles; (2) atom; (3) molecule; (4) macromolecule; (5) organelle; (6) cell; (7) tissue; (8) organ; (9) organ system; (10) organism life (10 levels of organization in order from simplest to most complex) needed by living organisms for breathing atmospheric pressure (1) body temperature; (2) blood pressure measurement; (3) monitoring rate and type of pulse; (4) breathing movements vital signs (4) needed by living organisms to supply the energy and raw materials for the production of living matter and for the regulation of vital reactions food needed by living organisms to help release energy from food substances oxygen needed by living organisms to circulate the blood hydrostatic pressure needed by living organisms for breathing and to circulate the blood pressure needed by living organisms for 3 metabolic processes: (1) as a medium for metabolic reactions; (2) to transport substances; and (3) to regulate body temperature water needed by living organisms to help regulate the rates of metabolic reactions heat (1) water; (2) food; (3) oxygen; (4) heat; (5) pressure life (5 requirements) observable body functions that reflect metabolic activities essential for life
lymphatic system (4 organs) (1) to produce and maintain sperm cells; (2) transfer sperm cells into the female reproductive tract male reproductive system (2 functions) (1) scrotum; (2) testes; (3) epididymides; (4) ductus deferentia; (5) bulbourethral glands; (6) seminal vesicles; (7) prostate male reproductive system (7 organs) (1) to provide the forces that cause body movement; (2) maintain posture; (3) serve as a main source of body heat muscular system (3 functions) muscles muscular system (organs) (1) to detect changes; (2) receive and interpret sensory information; (3) stimulate muscles and glands nervous system (3 functions (1) brain; (2) spinal cord; (3) nerves; (4) sense organs nervous system (4 organs) (1) integumentary system; (2) skeletal system; (3) muscular system; (4) nervous system; (5) endocrine system; (6) cardiovascular system; (7) lymphatic system; (8) digestive system; (9) respiratory system; (10) urinary system; (11) reproductive system organ systems of the human body (11) (1) to take in and release air; (2) to exchange gases between the air and the blood respiratory system (2 functions) (1) nasal cavity; (2) pharynx; (3) larynx; (4) trachea; (5) bronchi: (6) lungs respiratory system (6 organs) (1) bones; (2) ligaments; (3) cartilages skeletal system (3 organs) (1) to provide body framework; (2) protect soft tissues; (3) provide attachments for muscles; (4) produce blood cells; (5) store inorganic salts
skeletal system (5 functions) (1) remove wastes from the blood; (2) maintain water and electrolyte balance; (3) store urine; (4) transport urine urinary system (4 functions) (1) kidneys; (2) ureters; (3) urinary bladder; (4) urethra urinary system (4 organs) houses the brain cranial cavity maintenance of a stable internal environment homeostasis contains the middle ear bones middle ear cavity located within the nose and divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; several air- filled sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity nasal cavity maintains homeostasis; a self-regulating control mechanism that can receive information about changes away from the normal set point and cause reactions that tend to return conditions to normal negative feedback contains the teeth and tongue oral (buccal) cavity buccal cavity (synonym) oral cavity (synonym) contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves orbital cavity changes occur that stimulate other similar changes (as occur in blood clotting and milk production), causing short-lived movement away from the homeostatic state (normal state); some of these loops are involved in disease states positive feedback
membranes associated with the heart pericardial membranes (1) parietal pericardium; (2) visceral pericardium pericardial membranes (2) membranes associated with the abdomen peritoneal membranes (1) parietal peritoneum; (2) visceral peritoneum peritoneal membranes (2) membranes associated with the lungs pleural membranes (1) parietal pleura; (2) visceral pleura pleural membranes (2) membrane that covers the heart visceral pericardium membrane that covers the body organs in the abdomen visceral peritoneum membrane that covers the lungs visceral pleura ventral (synonym) anterior (synonym) means toward the front anterior (ventral) pertains to opposite sides contralateral describes parts that are more internal deep
means a particular body part that is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part distal means a part is below another part, or toward the feet inferior pertains to the same side ipsilateral means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline lateral relates to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves; a part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part medial means toward the back posterior (dorsal) dorsal (synonym) posterior (synonym) describes a part the is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part proximal means situated near the surface superficial (peripheral) peripheral (synonym) superficial (synonym) means a part is above another part, or closer to the head superior (1) right upper quadranth (RUQ); (2) right lower quadranth (RLQ); (3) left upper quadranth (LUQ); (4) left lower quadranth (LLQ) abdomen (4 quadranths)
anatomical term for forearm antebrachial region anatomical term for space in front of elbow antecubutal region anatomical term for armpit axillary region anatomical term for arm brachial region anatomical term for cheek buccal region anatomical term for wrist carpal anatomical term for abdomen celiac region anatomical term for head cephalic region anatomical term for neck cervical region anatomical term for ribs costal region anatomical term for hip coxal region anatomical term for leg crural region elbow cubital region figer or toe
digital region back dorsum thigh femoral region forehead frontal region anatomical term for reproductive organs genital region anatomical term for buttocks gluteal region anatomical term for depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh (groin) inguinal region groin (synonym) inguinal region (synonym) pelvis (synonym) loin (syn) anatomical term for region of the lower back between the ribs and the pelvis (loin) lumbar region breast mammary region chin mental region nose nasal region anatomical term for posterior region of the head occipital region
sural region anatomical term for instep of foot (ankle) tarsal region navel umbilical region spinal column vertebral region unique substance that constitutes building blocks of matter and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods element (1) carbon; (2) oxygen; (3) hydrogen; (4) nitrogen elements that make up about 96% of human body (4) anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) matter shows a complete list of elements periodic table building blocks of an element or the smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element atom number of protons (or electrons) in an atom; i.e. for any atom, the number of protons always equals the number of electrons; this number is always indicated on the periodic table above the symbol for each element atomic number number of neutrons + the number of protons of an atom; this number is indicated on the periodic table below the symbol for each element atomic weight (1) electron transfer (ionic) reactions; (2) electron sharing (covalent) reactions chemical reactions (2 types)
2 or more atoms of different elements in chemical combination; 4H (4 atoms) + C----- > CH (methane ?? a compound and a molecule) compound extremely small particle with almost no weight; carries a negative electrical charge and is in constant motion around an atomic nucleus electron atoms with many electrons in their outermost shell ?? 6 or 7 electrons electron acceptors atoms with few electrons in their outermost shell ?? 1, 2, or 3 electrons electron donors reactions where electrons are neither lost nor gained but rather are shared by atoms in order to become stable; each atom remains electrically whole neutral atom because no electrons are dislodged electron sharing (covalent) reactions (1) shell 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons; (2) shell 2 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons; (3) shell 3 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons (for the purposes of this course) electron shells (3) and their maximums reactions where electrons are donated from one atom and accepted by another atom in order to become stable; occur between electron donors and electron acceptors electron transfer (ionic) reactions charged atoms that are formed in electron transfer (ionic) reactions ions have atoms with the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons; thus, isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but have different atomic masses. isotopes (1) calcium; (2) carbon; (3) chlorine; (4) hydrogen; (5) magnesium; (6) nitrogen; (7) oxygen; (8) phosphorus; (9) potassium; (10) sodium; (11) sulfur major elements of the human body (11) 2 or more atoms of the same or different elements in chemical combination; H (atom) + H (atom) ---> H2 (hydrogen gas ?? a molecule)
(1) synthesis reaction; (2) decomposition reaction; (3) exchange reaction chemical reactions in human body (3 types) a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules, atoms or ions AB--- > A + B decomposition reaction (1) digestion of foods into their building blocks; (2) the breakdown of glycogen (a large carbohydrate molecule stored in the liver) to release glucose when blood levels start to decline decomposition reaction (2 examples) substances that conduct an electrical current in solution (because they contain ions) electrolytes any compounds formed in electron transfer reactions; (1) acids; (2) bases; (3) salts electrolytes (3 examples) involve both synthesis and decomposition reactions; a switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made. AB + C --- > AC + B or AB + CD ---- > AD + CB exchange reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base, producing water and a salt: HCl + NaOH --- > H2O + NaCl exchange reaction (example) compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonding inorganic compounds (1) water; (2) salts; (3) many (but not all) acids and bases inorganic compounds (examples) substances that do not conduct an electrical current in solution (because they do not contain ions non-electrolytes any compounds formed in electron sharing reactions (1) carbohydrates; (2) lipids; (3) proteins; (4) nucleic acids non-electrolytes (4 examples) compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding
organic compounds (1)carbohydrates; (2) lipids; (3) proteins; (4) nucleic acids organic compounds (4 examples) two or more atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule; A + B --- > A synthesis reaction (1) growth, or the repair of worn out or damaged tissues; (2) formation of a protein by the joining of amino acids into long chains synthesis reaction (2 examples) blood pH is below 7.35; concentration of H+ is increased and concentration of OH- is decreased acidosis release hydrogen ions (protons) if dissolved in water HCl (hydrochloric acid) --- > H+ + Cl- acids 0 - 6.9 on pH scale acids (pH)
