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T/F The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillaryis very large. - ANSWER >>True
The heart contains two circuits. Name them. - ANSWER>> pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers theparasympathetic nervous system? - ANSWER>> Diaphragmatic muscles
T/F When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretchesbecause of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. - ANSWER>> True List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. - ANSWER>>- Are part of the cellular immune system to protect the brain since the humoral immune system Microglia: usually cannot cross the BB barrier.
**- Astrocytes: Contribute to the blood brain barrier- Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS
- Oligodendrocytes: Myelinates axons of the neurons of the CNS** Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. -ANSWER>> The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels. T/F Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to startthe action potential in the postsynaptic cell. - ANSWER >>True
How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? - ANSWER>> wraps extensions of a fatty insulating substance (myelin) around the axons of neurons whichThe cell increase the speed because the action potential jumps from each node of ranvier rather thangoing down the entire length and firing each Na+K+ pump.
T/F Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman'scapsule. - ANSWER>> True
The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the _______________ and this enters the_______________ _______________. - ANSWER>> Ureter, Urinary Bladder
T/F The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for theconcentration of urea in the urine. - ANSWER>> True
T/F Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus. -ANSWER>> False
T/F Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman'scapsule. - ANSWER>> True
T/F The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine. - ANSWER >>False T/F The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds. - ANSWER>> True T/F Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman's capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman' scapsule. - ANSWER>> False
Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney. - ANSWER electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure >>regulating acid-base balance,.
T/F The Bowman's capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubuleare in the cortex of the kidney. - ANSWER>>True
T/F The kidney controls the water balance in the body. - ANSWER>>TrueT/F Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells. - ANSWER>>False
The resting potential of neurons is: - ANSWER>>-60 mv (The answer is not on this list.) T/F The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervoussystem. - ANSWER>>True
In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is: -ANSWER>>Calcium Ions
Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described inmy lectures. - ANSWER>>
The action potential is: - ANSWER>>A result of the movement of ions. T/F The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. - ANSWER>>False
T/F When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor endplate. - ANSWER>>True
The post-synaptic cell can be: - ANSWER>>In glands, muscle cells, neurons
T/F Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell. - ANSWER>>True T/F Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. - ANSWER>>False T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glialcell that results in a myelin coating. - ANSWER>>False
T/F The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. - ANSWER>>False The central nervous system (CNS) contains: - ANSWER>>Brain and Spinal Cord (There is nocorrect answer).
T/F Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ionchannel. - ANSWER>>False
T/F Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid - ANSWER>>False T/F The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump. -ANSWER>>True
T/F The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined asinhibitory or excitatory. - ANSWER>>False
T/FThe axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. - ANSWER>>True T/F
Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she hadlow bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? - ANSWER>>This could cause Osteoporosis and the parathyroid isinvolved in this.
T/F Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. - ANSWER>>True T/F Insulin is a ligand. - ANSWER>>True What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? -ANSWER>>Stress can cause your sympathetic nervous system to turn on "the fight or flight response" activating stored glycogen in your cells, thusly raising your blood sugar levels. T/F The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine. -ANSWER>>False
Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen andglucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved. - ANSWER>>Glucagon and Insulin work in a negative feedback loop together to keep your blood sugar in a normal range (in ahealthy person). Insulin works when your pancreas detects when you have high levels of glucose in your blood stream. Insulin binds to the cells, and some use glucose as energy, and others, likeyour liver store it as glycogen. Glucagon is the opposite of insulin. After you haven't eaten in a while, your blood glucose levels lower and glucagon signals the cells that have the storedglycogen (liver and muscle cells) to then turn it back into glucose for the other cells to use for energy. T/F Vitamin D is really a hormone. - ANSWER>>True Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen? -ANSWER>>Fats have stored glycogen in them that can be converted back to glucose for other cells to use, when our blood glucose levels are low.
T/F Surfactants is one of the later components made in the fetus (prior to birth). -ANSWER>>True
What does carbonic anhydrase do? - ANSWER>>carbonic anhydrase, aids in the conversion ofcarbon dioxide to carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions. When red blood cells reach the lungs, the same enzyme helps to convert the bicarbonate ions back to carbon dioxide, which we breatheout.
T/F Red blood cells carry CO2 back to the lungs. - ANSWER>>False T/F The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in theblood. - ANSWER>>True
T/F Veins and venueles have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not. - ANSWER>>True There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them. -ANSWER>>Drop in pO2 (Partial pressure) Drop in PH (Bohr effect) T/F The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure. -ANSWER>>False
Once inside the circulatory system __________________ is the molecule that binds oxygen. - ANSWER>>Hemoglobin
T/F The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into thecirculatory system. - ANSWER>>True
The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of thatother cavity? - ANSWER>>The plueral cavity
T/F The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. -ANSWER>>True
T/F The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP. - ANSWER>>True
One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the__________________ could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes __________________ into the lungs. - ANSWER>>alveoli, surfactant T/F The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen. - ANSWER>>True Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by: - ANSWER>>circulatory system T/F When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting. - ANSWER>>True T/F Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells. -ANSWER>>False
T/F The left ventricle of the heart contains more muscle. - ANSWER>>True T/F Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries. - ANSWER>>False T/F The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node. - ANSWER>>True
T/F In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. -ANSWER>>True
T/F The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs. -ANSWER>>False
T/F The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. - ANSWER>>False
T/F The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood. - ANSWER>>False T/F In mammals ventilation is tidal. - ANSWER>>True
