Download BIO 182 Final Exam: Key Concepts and Answers and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 182 FINAL EXAM LATEST WITH ACTUAL QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
"abiotic components - CORRECT ANSWER air, water, and non-living parts of soil"
"range - CORRECT ANSWER geographical distribution; abiotic & biotic determine range"
"biomes - CORRECT ANSWER major groupings of plant and animal communities defined by a
dominant vegetation type"
"climate - CORRECT ANSWER the prevailing, long-term weather conditions found in an area"
"tropical wet forests (rain forests) - CORRECT ANSWER found in equator regions where
temperatures are high and annual temperature is very low; produce abundant plant growth, lead to high above-ground biomass"
"permafrost - CORRECT ANSWER soils are in a permanently frozen state; limits both the
release and uptake of nutrients"
"simulation studies - CORRECT ANSWER are based on computer models of weather patterns
in local regions"
"observational studies - CORRECT ANSWER based on long-term monitoring at fixed site"
"behavior - CORRECT ANSWER an action or response to a stimulus"
"behavioral biology - CORRECT ANSWER study of how organisms respond to particular stimuli
from those environments"
"proximate causation (mechanistic) - CORRECT ANSWER explains how actions occur"
"ultimate causation (evolutionary) - CORRECT ANSWER explains why actions occur"
"fixed action patterns (FAP's) - CORRECT ANSWER highly inflexible stereotypical behavior
patterns"
"innate behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER behavior that is inherited and shows little variation
based on learning or the individuals condition"
"cost benefit analysis - CORRECT ANSWER animals appear to weigh the costs and benefits of
responding to a particular situation in various ways"
"foraging - CORRECT ANSWER when animals seek food"
"piloting - CORRECT ANSWER use of familiar landmarks"
"compass orientation - CORRECT ANSWER movement oriented in a specific direction"
"true navigation - CORRECT ANSWER ability to locate a specific place on earth's surface"
"circadian clock - CORRECT ANSWER maintains a 24-hour rhythm of chemical activity-animals
use sun for direction"
"inclusive fitness - CORRECT ANSWER the combination of direct and indirect fitness
components"
"kin selection - CORRECT ANSWER natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives and
results in increased indirect fitness"
"eusoiaity - CORRECT ANSWER sometimes altruistic behavior is involuntary; in bee
population, workers sacrifice most/all of their direct reproduction to help rear the queen's offspring"
"reciprocal altruism - CORRECT ANSWER an exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in
time; vervet monkeys groom unrelated individuals that have groomed or helped them in the past"
"population ecology - CORRECT ANSWER the study of how and why the number individuals in
a population changes over time"
"population density - CORRECT ANSWER number of individuals per unit area- often varies t/o
its range"
"competitive exclusion principle - CORRECT ANSWER it is not possible for species within the
same niche to coexist"
"Mimicry - CORRECT ANSWER The close resemblance of one species to another"
"Mullerian Mimicry - CORRECT ANSWER Resemblance of two harmful species (look
dangerous and are dangerous)"
"Batesian Mimicry - CORRECT ANSWER Resemblance of an innocuous prey species to a
dangerous species (Look dangerous but aren't dangerous)"
"Inducible defense - CORRECT ANSWER Defensive traits produced only in response to the
presence or a predator"
"Mutualisms - CORRECT ANSWER interactions that involve a wide variety of organisms and
rewards"
"Succession - CORRECT ANSWER the recovery, the development of communities that follows
a severs disturbance"
"Pioneering species - CORRECT ANSWER the first organisms to arrive at a newly disturbed
site"
"Facilitation - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when early arriving species make conditions
favorable for the arrival of later species"
"tolerance - CORRECT ANSWER when existing species do not affect the probability that
subsequent species will become established"
"Inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when the presence of one species inhibits the
establishment of another"
"species richness - CORRECT ANSWER the number of species present in a give community"
"species diversity - CORRECT ANSWER a weighted measure that incorporates a species
relative abundance as well as its presence of absence"
"Consumers - CORRECT ANSWER eat living organisms"
"Primary consumer - CORRECT ANSWER Eat primary producers"
"secondary consumer - CORRECT ANSWER Eat primary consumers"
"tertiary consumers - CORRECT ANSWER eat secondary consumers"
"Decomposers (Detritivores) - CORRECT ANSWER Obtain energy by feeding on the remains of
other organisms or waste products"
"Detritus - CORRECT ANSWER The waste products or dead remains of the other organisms"
"Food chain - CORRECT ANSWER Connects the trophic levels in a particular ecosystem
(describes how energy move from one trophic level to another"
"decomposer food chain - CORRECT ANSWER Made up of species that eat the dead remains of
organisms"
"Grazing food chain - CORRECT ANSWER Composed of the network of herbivores (primary
consumers) and the organisms that eat the herbivores (secondary consumers)"
"Food Webs - CORRECT ANSWER Food chains are usually embedded in more complex food
webs"
"top-down control - CORRECT ANSWER when a consumer limits a prey population"
"Trophic cascade - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when changes in top-down control cause
conspicuous effects two or three links away in a food web"
Climate - CORRECT ANSWER prevailing weather pattern in a region
-Includes temperature, precipitation, wind, and light
- Climate determines the occurrence of different biomes - major community types"
"Climate: Convection Cells - CORRECT ANSWER - Based on warmth at equator causing air to
rise and flow north and south toward poles
-Understory grows when trees shed leaves -Animal diversity high, monkeys, pigs, antelope, tigers -Tropical Thorn forests contain more browsing mammals- hence develp of thorns on plants"
"Tropical grassland - CORRECT ANSWER - 50 to 130cm precip/yr
- 24 to 29C
- Many Grasses, occasional thorny acacias; fire is prelvent and well adapted
- Large mammals. Herds of antelope, zebra, wildebeest along w/ predators cheetah, lion, leopard, hyena
- Terminte mounds present"
"Temperate Grassland (prairie) - CORRECT ANSWER - 25-100 cm precip
-10 - 30o C
- Fire and grazing animals also limit tree establishment
- Grasses etc show variation among moisture gradients
- CA Chaparral Winter dom. rains, cool ocean waters moderate climate Features shrubs and small trees; Native American maintenance of chaparral by fire"
"Prairies and Grass height - CORRECT ANSWER - Tall
-Short -Mixed"
"Hot Desert - CORRECT ANSWER - <30cm/yr
- 0 to 50C
- 30o N & S, annuals, succulents, and desert shrubs. Kalahari and Namib, Atacama, Sonoran
- Produce many small seeds- animals feeding on seeds are abundant ants, burds, rodents, reptiles Lizards and snakes"
"Cold Desert - CORRECT ANSWER - Gobi Desert, mongolia
-<25 cm/yr , -2 -26 o C
- Dry regions mid- high latitudes and in rain shadows of mts
- Poor in number of plant species- most are small Great Basin is cold desert dominated by Artemisa
- Large # plants = large # seeds- ants, birds and rodents. Many animals in burrow = pocket mice, jackrabbits, kit foxes, coyotes"
"Open Ocean - CORRECT ANSWER - Pelagic Zone
Avg 4000 m water depth Nutrient concen low Ocean upwelling
- Phytoplankton- on surface
- Zooplankton, free swimming animals called nekton collectively
- Unique assemblage near ocean vents 350o C"
"Coral Reefs - CORRECT ANSWER - 20-30o C water temp; photic zone
- Great Barrier Reef Australia is largest known Coral Reef
- 30-40% of all fish species on Coral Reefs"
"Lentic Habitats - CORRECT ANSWER - Still, deep water lakes
- Oligotrophic clear lakes
- Eutrophic choked with veg, cyanobacteria
- Animals= fish frog turtles crayfish, larvae, crocodiles, alligators"
"Lotic Habitats - CORRECT ANSWER - Flowing water prevents nutrient accumulation
- Slower moving- algae present
- Swifter rivers- leaves are primary food source
- Small animals flat, attach to rocks. Trout, catfish etc"
"Wetlands - CORRECT ANSWER - Coastal areas saturated with surface water of groundwater
- Productive, species rich area
- Wading & diving birds"
"Predator- Prey Relations - CORRECT ANSWER - Decline of predator follows decline of
predator. Same for increase. -"
"Parasites - CORRECT ANSWER - Smaller than host, inside and outside host
- Endoparasites: inside host [flatworm]
- Ectoparasites: Outside host [tick]"
"Antipredator Strategies - CORRECT ANSWER - Chemical Defense:
"age-specific fecundity - CORRECT ANSWER the average number of female offspring
produced by a female in a given age-class"
"per capita rate of increase - CORRECT ANSWER the difference between the birthrate and
death rate per individual r=b-d"
"density independent - CORRECT ANSWER does not depend on the number individuals in the
population"
"asymmetric competition - CORRECT ANSWER one species suffers a much greater fitness
decline than the other"
"symmetric competition - CORRECT ANSWER each species experiences a roughly equal
decrease in fitness"
"niche differentiation/ resource partitioning - CORRECT ANSWER an evolutionary change in
resource use, caused by competition over generations"
"character displacement - CORRECT ANSWER evolutionary change that occurs in species trait
and enables species to exploit different resources"
"Constitutive / standing defenses - CORRECT ANSWER defenses that are always present
(avoidance, poison, schooling and flocking that confuse predators)"
"Primary succession - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a disturbance removes the soil and its
organisms, as well as organisms that live above the surface"
"Secondary succession - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a disturbance removes some or all of
the organisms from an area but leaves the soil intact"
"early successional communities - CORRECT ANSWER dominated by species that : are short
lived, small in stature and disperse their seeds over long distances"
"late succession communities - CORRECT ANSWER dominated by species that : are long lived,
large, good competitor for resources such as light and nutrients"
"Ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER multiple communites of organisms that live in an area along
with abiotic components"
"primary producer (autotroph) - CORRECT ANSWER an organism that can synthesize its own
food from inorganic sources"
"Gross primary productivity (GPP) - CORRECT ANSWER total amount of chemical energy
produced in a given area and time period"
"Net primary productivity (NPP) - CORRECT ANSWER growth and reproduction, use of
remaining energy"
"global water cycle - CORRECT ANSWER begins with water evaporating out of the ocean and
precipitating back into it (evaporation exceeds precipitation)"
"water table - CORRECT ANSWER the upper limit of saturated soil is dropping on every
continent"
"Global nitrogen cycle - CORRECT ANSWER nitrogen is added to ecosystems in a usable form
only when it is reduced or "fixed""
"Global carbon cycle - CORRECT ANSWER Involves the movement of carbon among terrestrial
ecosystems, the oceans and the atmosphere"
"Global Warming - CORRECT ANSWER the increase in the average temperature of planet"
"Global climate change - CORRECT ANSWER the sum of all the changes in local temperature
and precipitation patterns that result from global warming"
"Greenhouse Gas - CORRECT ANSWER A gas that traps heat radiated from Earth and keeps it
from being lost to space (CO2)"
"Rain Shadow - CORRECT ANSWER Warm, moist air flows up mountain and cools releasing
precipitation, leeward side allows drier air to descend, forming area of low precipitation"
"Sea Breezes - CORRECT ANSWER - Cool daytime breezes in costal areas
- During the day, land heats up and air rises, pulling cool ocean air to replace it
- At night, land cools quicker than the sea and the pattern reverses- causes offshore breezes.
- The sea moderates costal and island temperatures"
"Temperate Deciduous Forest - CORRECT ANSWER - 75-200 cm precip
- Winter -12 o C
- Species diversity lower than in tropics 3-4 species/km
- Summer, forest not dense
- Mammals hibernate during winter, birds migrate, insects dormant, reptiles uncommon
- Squirrels, wolves, bobcats, bear, mountain lion"
