Download Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology: Exam Review with Detailed Solutions and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
Rio | Bio | 202 | Exam | 3 | with |
accurate | detailed | solutions
alimentary | organs | (descending | order) | - | Correct | answer | ✔mouth, | pharynx, | esophagus, | stomach, | small | intestine, | large | intestine accessory | organs | - | Correct | answer | ✔teeth, | tongue, | salivary | glands, | gallbladder, | liver, | pancreas length | of | alimentary | canal | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 30 | feet | in | cadaver, | shorter | in | living | human | because | of | muscle | tone number | of | adult | teeth | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 32 number | of | deciduous | (baby) | teeth | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 20 types | of | teeth | - | Correct | answer | ✔molar, | premolar, | canine, | incisors. hardest | substance | in | the | body | - | Correct | answer | ✔dentin produce | dentin | - | Correct | answer | ✔odontoblasts
three | types | of | salivary | glands | - | Correct | answer | ✔parotid | glands, | submandibular | glands, | sublingual | glands parotid | gland | secretion | - | Correct | answer | ✔primarily | serous | fluid | (salivary | amylase) submandibular | gland | secretion | - | Correct | answer | ✔mix | of | mucin | and | serous | fluid sublingual | gland | secretion | - | Correct | answer | ✔primarily | mucin mucin | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔bind | and | moisten | food | into | a | bolus serous | fluid/salivary | amylase | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔starts | digestion | of | starches liver | digestive | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔produces | bile, | which | emulsifies | fats | in | the | duodenum bile | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔emulsifies | fats | creating | a | larger | surface | area | and | allowing | absorption gallbladder | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔holds | and | releases | bile | into | the | digestive | tract | when | fatty | foods | enter | the | duodenum.
esophagus | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔simply | a | passageway | that | used | peristaltic | motions | to | move | food | to | the | stomach. | no | digestion | or | absorption. esophagus | structure | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 25 | cm | long, | superiorly | skeletal | muscle, | and | then | smooth | muscle. | ends | at | the | gastroesophageal | sphincter regions | of | the | stomach | (superior | to | inferior) | - | Correct | answer | ✔cardiac, | fundus, | body, | pyloric. sphincter | between | stomach | and | small | intestine | - | Correct | answer | ✔pyloric | sphincter stomach's | concave | surface | - | Correct | answer | ✔lesser | curvature stomach's | convex | surface | - | Correct | answer | ✔greater | curvature stomach | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔temporary | storage, | area | for | mechanical | and | chemical | breakdown, | creates | chyme. stomach | structure | - | Correct | answer | ✔third, | obliquely | oriented | layer | in | the | muscularis | externa | that | allows | churning. | glands | secrete | HCl | and | enzymes | to | breakdown | food. digestion | location | in | the | stomach | - | Correct | answer | ✔pyloric | region
enzyme | that | digests | protein | in | the | stomach | - | Correct | answer | ✔pepsinogen how | does | the | stomach | not | digest | itself? | - | Correct | answer | ✔it | secretes | a | viscous | mucous | from | mucosal | glands small | intestine | structure | - | Correct | answer | ✔begins | as | the | duodenum | (10 | inches), | then | the | jejunum | (8 | feet), | and | then | the | ileum | (12 | feet). | it | has | brush | border | enzymes | for | digestion. small | intestine | modification | - | Correct | answer | ✔microvilli | (minute | projections | of | plasma | membrane), | villi | (fingerlike | velvety | projections | of | mucosa), | circular | folds | (folds | that | force | chyme) valve | at | the | end | of | the | small | intestine | - | Correct | answer | ✔ileocecal | valve large | intestine | structure | - | Correct | answer | ✔composed | of | the | cecum, | veriform | appendix, | colon, | rectum, | and | anal | canal. | it | has | the | ascending, | transverse, | descending, | and | sigmoid | colon. | teniae | coli | create | haustra. large | intestine | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔consolidates | fecal | matter | toward | the | anus. | site | for | bacterial | manufacture | of | vitamins | B | and | K. | reclaims | most | remaining | water | from | undigested | food. layers | of | alimentary | canal | (interior | to | exterior) | - | Correct | answer | ✔mucosa, | submucosa, | muscularis, | serosa
nerves | involved | in | salivation | - | Correct | answer | ✔glossopharyngeal | (IX) | and | facial | (XII) chewing | - | Correct | answer | ✔mastication | (voluntary | and | involuntary) swallowing | depends | on | - | Correct | answer | ✔buccal | (voluntary, | when | a | bolus | leaves | the | mouth | and | heads | to | pharynx) | and | pharyngeal-esophageal | phase | (involuntary, | controlled | by | medulla | and | pons). nerve | involved | in | swallowing | - | Correct | answer | ✔the | vagus | nerve | transmits | motor | impulses | from | the | swallowing | center | to | throat | muscles. stomach | modifications | - | Correct | answer | ✔third, | obliquely | running | muscle | layer | for | churning, | bicarbonate-rich | mucus | layer | with | tightly | joined | epithelial | cells cells | contributing | to | gastric | juice | - | Correct | answer | ✔mucous | neck | cells, | parietal | cells | (secrete | HCl | and | intrinsic | factor), | chief | cells | (produce | pepsinogen | & | lipases), | enteroendocrine | cells | (release | chemical | messengers | to | lamina | propria) stomach | pH | - | Correct | answer | ✔extremely | acidic | (pH | 1.5-3.5 | from | HCl). | this | is | crucial | for | pepsin | activation, | and | denaturing | proteins | and | plant | food | walls.
controls | of | gastric | juice | production | - | Correct | answer | ✔3L | released | daily, | with | neural | controls, | and | hormonal | controls | from | acetylcholine, | gastrin, | and | histamine phases | in | gastric | juice | production | - | Correct | answer | ✔cephalic, | gastric, | intestinal cephalic | phase | - | Correct | answer | ✔a | few | minutes | long, | triggered | by | smell, | taste, | sight | or | food, | occurs | before | food | enters | the | stomach, | vagus | nerve gastric | phase | - | Correct | answer | ✔once | food | reaches | the | stomach, | 3-4 | hours | long, | reflexes | feed | back | to | medulla | and | pons, | proteins | lower | acidity, | causing | more | HCl | release. intestinal | phase | - | Correct | answer | ✔begins | with | duodenum | filling, | which | causes | gastrin | release. | this | is | brief. | chyme | triggers | neural | and | hormonal | signals | to | make | the | stomach | stop | producing | juice. salivary | amylase | - | Correct | answer | ✔acts | on | carbs, | turns | polysaccharides | into | oliogosaccharides | and | disaccharieds pancreatic | amylase | - | Correct | answer | ✔acts | on | carbs | in | small | intestine, | turns | polysaccharides | into | oligosaccharides | and | disaccharides
breakdown | of | carbs | creates | - | Correct | answer | ✔sugars breakdown | of | proteins | creates | - | Correct | answer | ✔amino | acids breakdown | of | fats | creates | - | Correct | answer | ✔monoglycerides, | glycerol, | fatty | acids breakdown | of | nucleic | acids | - | Correct | answer | ✔pentose | sugars, | nitrogen | bases, | phosphate | ions kidney | blood | flow | - | Correct | answer | ✔renal | artery, | segmental | arteries, | interlobar | arteries, | arcuate | arteries, | cortical | radiate | arteries, | afferent | arterioles, | cortical | radiate | veins, | arcuate | veins, | interlobar | veins, | lobar | veins. functional | kidney | unit | - | Correct | answer | ✔nephron | (85% | are | cortical, | and | 15% | are | medullary) pathway | of | glomeral | capsule | to | urethra | - | Correct | answer | ✔glomerular | capsule | (corpuscle | & | renal | tubule), | proximal | convoluted | tubule, | loop | of | henle, | distal | convoluted | tubule, | collecting | tubule, | papillary | duct, | minor | calyx, | major | calyx, | renal | pelvis, | ureter, | bladder, | urethra proximal | convoluted | tube | - | Correct | answer | ✔in | cortex, | elaborately | coiled, | cuboidal | epithelial | cells | with | large | mitochondrion, | dense | microvilli, | location | of | reabsorption | from | filtrate
nephron | loop | - | Correct | answer | ✔descends | into | medulla, | cuboidal | cells | in | thick | areas, | and | simple | squamous | cells | in | thin | areas distal | convoluted | tubule | - | Correct | answer | ✔cuboidal | cells | confined | to | the | cortex, | thinner | than | PCT | cells | but | lack | microvilli collecting | ducts | - | Correct | answer | ✔contain | principle | (numerous, | with | sparse | microvilli | that | maintain | body's | water | and | salt | balance) | and | intercalated | cells | (cuboidal | with | dense | microvilli). | collecting | ducts | run | dow | the | medullary | pyramids nephron | capillary | beds | - | Correct | answer | ✔high | pressure | capillary | beds | where | 99% | of | fluid | is | reabsorbed filtration | - | Correct | answer | ✔passive | process | where | a | portion | of | blood | passes | from | the | glomerular | bed | into | the | glomerular | capsule, | the | filtrate | then | enters | the | proximal | convoluted | tubule. tubular | reabsorption | - | Correct | answer | ✔in | proximal | convoluted | tubule, | when | filtrate | components | move | through | cells | and | return | to | blood | via | peritubular | capillaries. | some | of | this | is | active | and | some | is | passive. | body | needs | determine | what | is | reabsorbed tubular | secretion | - | Correct | answer | ✔revers | of | tubular | reabsorption, | important | for | disposal | of | drugs, | metabolites, | etc. | controls | pH
hematuria | - | Correct | answer | ✔erythrocytes | in | urine | indicating | trauma, | kidney | stones, | infection, | or | cancer | in | urinary | tract pyuria | - | Correct | answer | ✔leukocytes | (pus) | in | urine | indicate | UTI urethra | length | in | male | vs | female | - | Correct | answer | ✔males, | 20 | cm | (doubles | as | pathway | for | semen). | females, | 4cm | long. body | water | content | - | Correct | answer | ✔73% | at | birth | decreasing | to | 45% | in | old | age. | healthy | males | are | about | 60% | and | females | are | about | 50%. | this | is | because | body | fat | is | the | least | hydrated | tissue | (less | than | 20%), | and | skeletal | muscle | is | the | most | hydrated | tissue | (75%). sodium | - | Correct | answer | ✔most | abundant | solute | in | ecf, | regulated | by | aldosterone | and | ADH | to | maintain | homeostasis chloride | - | Correct | answer | ✔most | prevalent | anion | in | ecf. | regulated | by | ADH, | moves | easily | between | plasma | membranes, | balances | anions potassium | - | Correct | answer | ✔most | abundant | cation | in | icf, | regulated | by | aldosterone. | establishes | resting | membrane | potential | in | muscles, | regulates | pH | of | body | fluids. bicarbonate | - | Correct | answer | ✔second | most | prevalent | ec | anion, | regulated | by | kidneys. | concentration | increases | in | CO2.
calcium | - | Correct | answer | ✔most | abundant | body | mineral, | regulated | by | PTH, | hardens | bones | and | teeth. | Helps | in | clotting, | neurotransmitting, | muscle | tone, | and | excitability. magnesium | - | Correct | answer | ✔second | abundant | ic | cation, | neuromuscular | activity, | synaptic | transmission | and | heart | function phosphate | - | Correct | answer | ✔contained | mostly | by | bones, | and | used | for | energy | production | in | other | body | cells. | plays | a | role | in | dna. describe | nonelectrolytes | - | Correct | answer | ✔have | covalent | bonds | to | prevent | dissociation | in | solution, | usually | inorganic | (glucose, | lipids, | creatinine, | urea) describe | electrolytes | - | Correct | answer | ✔do | dissociate | in | water | creating | potential | electrical | current, | usually | inorganic | salts, | acids, | bases, | and | some | proteins. which | has | greater | osmotic | power | and | why | - | Correct | answer | ✔electrolytes, | because | each | one | dissociates | into | two | ions. water | moves | from | ___ | concentration | to | ___ | concentration | - | Correct | answer | ✔low, | high feedback | mechanisms | that | regulate | water | input | - | Correct | answer | ✔osmoreceptors, | dry | mouth, | decreased | blood | volume
plasma | and | interstitial | fluid | exchanges | occur | across | - | Correct | answer | ✔capillary | walls | (depends | on | hydrostatic | pressure) interstitial | fluid | and | intracellular | fluid | exchanges | occur | across | - | Correct | answer | ✔plasma | membranes | (depends | on | permeability) three | chemical | buffer | systems | - | Correct | answer | ✔bicarbonate, | phosphate, | protein bicarbonate | buffer | system | - | Correct | answer | ✔carbonic | acid | and | sodium | bicarbonate | in | the | same | solution, | buffers | ECF | & | ICF. | strong | acid | causes | ions | to | act | as | weak | bases, | forming | more | carbonic | acid. phosphate | buffer | system | - | Correct | answer | ✔dihydrogen | phosphate | and | monohydrogen | are | involved, | this | is | i/6th | of | the | bicarbonate | system. | very | important | in | ICF protein | buffer | system | - | Correct | answer | ✔3/4 | of | all | buffering | power, | involves | proteins | in | plasma, | hemoglobin | is | an | example respiratory | acidosis | - | Correct | answer | ✔artery | CO2 | levels | above | 45 | mm | Hg, | occurs | when | breath | is | shallow | (pneumonia, | cystic | fibrosis, | emphysema) | causing | CO2 | to | accumulate | in | the | blood, | and | pH | to | fall.
respiratory | alkalosis | - | Correct | answer | ✔artery | CO2 | lower | than | 35 | mm | Hg, | CO2 | is | eliminated | faster | than | it | is | produced | (hyperventilation), | causing | pH | to | rise. metabolic | acidosis | - | Correct | answer | ✔low | blood | pH | and | HCO3- | (bicarbonate) | levels | below | 22 | mEq/L, | caused | by | alcohol, | diarrhea, | lactic | acid | accumulation, | shock, | kidney | failure. metabolic | alkalosis | - | Correct | answer | ✔rising | blood | pH | and | HCO3- | (bicarbonate) | levels | above | 26 | mEq/L, | uncommon, | caused | by | vomiting | and | antacids. male | copulatory | organ | - | Correct | answer | ✔penis, | spongy | network | of | connective | tissue | and | smooth | muscle | with | vascular | spaces bulk | of | penis | - | Correct | answer | ✔corpus | cavernosa surrounds | the | urethra | in | males | - | Correct | answer | ✔corpus | spongiosum tunics | surrounding | testes | - | Correct | answer | ✔tunica | vaginalis | (exterior | from | peritoneum), | tunica | albuginea | (interior) actual | sperm | factories | - | Correct | answer | ✔tightly | coiled | seminiferous | tubules | made | of | stratified | epithelium | and | a | lumen, | contains | spermatogenic | cells | embedded | in | columnar | cells | (sustendocytes)
vagina | structure | & | function | - | Correct | answer | ✔female | copulatory | organ, | 8- | cm | tube, | composed | of | fibroelastic | adventita, | muscularis, | mucosa | w/ | ruggae | (stratified | squamous | epithelium) vaginal | pH | - | Correct | answer | ✔acidic, | due | to | bacterial | metabolism | of | glycogen | into | lactic | acid. | acidity | helps | prevent | STIs. cells | that | carry | HIV? | - | Correct | answer | ✔dendritic | cells lactation | - | Correct | answer | ✔15-25 | lobes | separated | by | fibrous | connective | tissue | and | fat, | have | lobules, | which | have | alveoli | that | produce | milk, | which | is | passed | to | lactiferous | ducts. location | of | spermatogenesis | - | Correct | answer | ✔seminiferous | tubules spermatogenesis | time-frame | - | Correct | answer | ✔begins | at | puberty, | makes | about | 400 | million | sperm | a | day. meiosis | - | Correct | answer | ✔two | consecutive | nuclear | divisions | following | one | round | of | DNA | replication, | giving | four | haploid | daughter | cells | instead | of | two | regular | daughter | cells. spermatogenia | - | Correct | answer | ✔cells | of | the | outermost | tubule | dividing | continuously | by | mitosis, | creating | A | (remain | in | lamina) | and | B | (become | primary | spermocytes | to | create | 4 | sperm) | cells.
primary | spermocytes | - | Correct | answer | ✔undergo | meiosis | I | and | become | secondary | spermocytes, | continue | to | meiosis | II | and | make | spermatids | (sperms) | which | are | specialized | via | spermatogenesis oognesis | - | Correct | answer | ✔production | of | ova, | takes | years | to | complete. | oogenia | stem | cells | multiply | by | mitosis, | creating | three | tiny | polar | bodies | and | one | large | ovum | (functional | gamete), | all | haploid differences | between | spermatogenesis | and | oogenesis | - | Correct | answer | ✔spermatogenesis | creates | 4 | functional | gametes | (sperm) | while | oogenesis | only | creates | 1. | error | rate | in | oocyte | is | 20% | but | only | 3-4% | in | sperm. how | many | oocytes | in | a | lifetime? | - | Correct | answer | ✔ 500 phases | of | the | ovarian | cycle | - | Correct | answer | ✔follicular, | luteal follicular | phase | - | Correct | answer | ✔days | 1-14 | ALWAYS, | when | dominant | follicle | is | selected | and | begins | to | secrete | lots | of | estrogen. | FSH | helps | follicle | grow. | this | is | followed | by | ovulation luteal | phase | - | Correct | answer | ✔days | 14-28 | (may | be | longer | or | shorter) | corpus | luteum | activity ovulation | - | Correct | answer | ✔when | ovary | wall | ruptures | and | expels | secondary | oocyte, | signaled | by | LH.
