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BIO 210 FINAL EXAM|QS AND AS|UPDATED 2025|100% PASS ASSURED
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How do microbes affect our life? Recycle vital elements in nature Sewage treatment Bioremediation Biotechnology Genetic engineering Normal microbiota Biofilms Different types of microbes Bacteria Archaea Protozoa Algae Fungi Viruses
Bacteria Domain bacteria Unicellular Prokaryotic Peptidoglycan cell wall Chemoheterotrophs Photoautotrops Archaea Domain archaea Unicellular Prokaryotic No peptidoglycan in cell wall Extreme environments Protozoa Domain eukarya Unicellular
DNA or RNA but not both Capsid (protein coat) Obligate intracellular parasites Phylogeny the study of the evolutionary history of organisms Carl woese Proposed the domain system based on RNA sequencing Taxonomic levels Domain โ Kingdom โ Phylum โ Class โ Order โ Family โ Genus โ Species Carl Linnaeus The father of taxonomy who classified organisms in groups within groups
Eukaryotic species Protozoa, algae, fungi, plants, animals Prokaryotic species Bacteria Condenser on microscope Focuses light Iris diaphragm lever on microscope Regulates amount of light Resolution on microscope the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points Refractive index on microscope
SEM electron microscope Whole cells seen Trophozite motile feeding stage of protozoa Cysts Dormant stage of Protozoa For survival Binary fission Parent cell divides evenly in half Asexual Budding Parent cell forms bud, unevenly divides
Asexual Schizogony Parent cell divides into many cells Asexual Conjugation Cell to cell contact/ transfer of DNA Sexual Ciliophora Cilia Paramecium Stentor Amoebozoa Pseudopods Amoeba
Nervous system (insomnia, hallucinations, neuro issues) Red tide Dinoflagellate produces neurotoxins Algae Paralytic shellfish poisoning Multicellular algae Seaweed, kelp Fungi classification Domain eukarya Kingdom Mycetae (fungi) Phyla zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota Yeasts Unicellular Facultative anaerobic
Asexual reproduction of yeast budding and binary fission Pseudophya Sexual reproduction of yeasts Ascospores Phylum ascomycota Molds Aerobic Multicellular Hyphae Mycelia Asexual reproduction of mold Hypha Mycelia
Blastospores Asexual spores of yeast As buds Conidiospores Asexual spores of mold In chains Candida albicans Yeast infection Dimporphic fungi (can be mold or yeast like) Aspergillus flavus Aflotoxin Found in contaminated peanuts and grains Ascomycota
Trichophyton Athletes foot Ascomycota Cutaneous mycoses Basidiomycota Basidiospores Mushrooms Virus Composed of DNA or RNA Nucleic acids Protein coat (capsid) Virion Complete, infective form of a virus found outside host cell
Enveloped virus Lipid, protein, or carb layer that surrounds capsid Spiked virus Projections from capsid/ envelope Used in attachment Helical capsid Rod shapes Ebola Rabies Icosahedral capsid 20 sided Poliovirus Herpes Adenovirus
Bacteriophage Virus that infects bacteria Contractile sheath Used to inject nucleic acid into host Tail fibers on virus Used in attachment Tail pins on virus Used in attachment and penetration/entry Host range of viruses Spectrum of host cells a virus can infect Depends on requirements for multiplication Herpes simplex virus 1
Penetration/entry Biosynthesis/replication Maturation/assembly Release/lysis Integration Virus DNA inserts into host DNA Outcomes of lysogenic cycle Immunity Phage conversion Specialized transduction Specialized transduction Virus can transfer genes between one cell to another Multiplication in animal viruses Attachment
Penetration Uncoating Replication Assembly Release Endocytosis Host plasma folds inward and engulfs a naked virus In animal virus multiplication Fusion Viral envelope merges with host membrane In animal virus multiplication Acute infection rapid onset, short duration Cold Flu
