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BIO 210 Genetics - Exam 2 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS
GENE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a segment of DNA that is used to make a RNA molecule or a polypeptide TRANSCRIPTION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔synthesizing RNA from a DNA template PROTEIN ENCODING GENES - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔carry the information from the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide mRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the initial product of transcription; a temporary copy of a gene that contains information to make a polypeptide DNA REPLICATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔making DNA copies that are transmitted from cell to cell and from parent to offspring POLYPEPTIDE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a linear sequence of amino acids that is the product of mRNA translation; one or more fold to form a functional protein
GENE EXPRESSION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the overall process by which the info w.in a gene is used to produce a functional product REGULATORY SEQUENCES - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔site for the binding of regulatory proteins REGULATORY PROTEINS - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔influence the rate of transcription PROMOTER bacteria - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔site for RNA polymerase binding; initiates transcription; -35 and -10 sequences PROMOTER eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔site for RNA polymerase binding; initiates transcription; core promoter consists of a TATA box and transcriptional start site TERMINATOR - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a sequence w.in a gene that signals the end of transcription RIBOSOME-BINDING SITE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔site on mRNA for ribosome binding; translation begins near this site
TRANSCRIPTION OF EUK PROTEIN ENCODING GENES IS INITIATED
WHEN... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA polymerase 2 and general transcription factors bind to a promoter sequence SHINE-DALGARNO SEQUENCE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a sequence in bacterial mRNAs that functions as a ribosomal-binding site WHICH BASE SEQUENCES ARE USED DURING TRANSCRIPTION? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔promoter and terminator TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the first base used as a template for transcription and is denoted + KEY SEQUENCE SITES IN BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔-35 and - BACTERIAL TRANSCRIPTION IS INITIATED WHEN - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA polymerase holonenzyme binds at the promoter RNA POLYMERASE HOLOENZYME - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an enzyme containing all of its subunits - sigma factor and core enzyme
ENHANCER - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA sequence that functions as a regulatory element in EUK; binding w. regulatory transcription factor increases the rate of transcription SILENCERS - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔DNA sequences that are recognized by transcription factors that inhibit transcription GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GTF - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔one of several proteins that are necessary to initiate basal transcription at the core promoter PREINITIATION COMPLEX - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the stage of transcription in which the assembly of RNA polymerase and GTFs occurs at the core promoter, but the DNA has not yet started to unwind TRANSCRIPTIONAL TERMINATION OCCURS AFTER.. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the 3' end of the transcript is cleaved near the polyadenylation signal sequence WHICH RNA POLY IN EUKs IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF GENES THAT ENCODE PROTEINS? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔RNA polymerase 2 EXON - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a segment of RNA that is contained w.in the RNA after splicing has removed the introns
3' SEQUENCE IN INTRON SPLICING - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔AG
WITH REGARD TO A PROMOTER, A TRANSCRIPTIONAL START SITE IS... -
CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔located at the +1 site and is where the first base is used as a template for transcription CONSENSUS SEQUENCE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the most commonly occurring bases w.in a sequence element SIGMA FACTOR IS NEEDED DURING WHICH STAGE OF TRANSCRIPTION? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔initiation 5' CAPPING - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the attachment of a 7-methyl. cap to the 5' end of EUK mRNA; signal for translation; helps mRNA exit the nucleus 3' POLYA TAILING - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the attachment of a string of adenine-containing nucleotides to the 3' end of EUK mRNA at a site where the mRNA is cleaved; protects the stability and integrity of the mRNA POLYADENYLATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the process of attaching a string of adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of EUK mRNAs
EXONUCLEASE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an enzyme that digests an RNA or DNA strand from the end ENDONUCLEASE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔an enzyme that can cut in the middle of a DNA strand DURING TRANSLATION THE CODONS IN mRNA PROVIDE... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the information to make a polypeptide with a specific amino acid sequence GENETIC CODE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the correspondence between a codon and the functional role that the codon plays during translation. Each codon specifies a particular amino acid or the end of translation. START CODON - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a three-base sequence in mRNA that initiates translation; AUG 5' - AUG - 3' - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔start codon STOP CODON - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a three-base sequence in mRNA that signals the end of translation of a polypeptide; UAA, UAG, UGA 5'-UAA-3' - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔stop codon
SECONDARY STRUCTURE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a regular repeating patterns of molecular structure; alfa helix and beta sheet found in proteins TERTIARY STRUCTURE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the 3D structure of a macro-molecule; alfa helix and beta sheet connected by irregular segments QUATERNARY STRUCTURE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔two or more polypeptides that associate with each other to make a functional protein THE READING FRAME BEGINS WITH A ... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔promoter THE FUNCTION OF tRNA DEPENDS ON THE SPCIFICITY BETWEEN.. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the amino acid it carries and its anticodon ANTICODON - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a three nucleotide sequence in tRNA that is complementary to a codon in mRNA
DURING mRNA-tRNA RECOGNITION THE ANTICODON IN A tRNA MOLECULE BINDS TO... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a codon in mRNA in an anti-parallel manner and according to the AU/GC rule THREE STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔initiation, elongation, termination INITIATION bacteria - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔in transcription - sigma factor needed; the stage that involves the initial biding of RNA polymerase to the promoter in order to begin RNA synthesis INITIATION eukaryotes - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔in transcription - five general transcription factors assembled at core promoter; the stage that involves the initial biding of RNA polymerase to the promoter in order to begin RNA synthesis TRANSLATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔production of a polypeptide using the information in mRNA ELONGATION bacteria - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔in transcription - requires release of sigma factor; the synthesis of an RNA transcript using DNA as a template
SITES FOR SYNTHESIS OF A PROTEIN - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔A site; P site; E site P SITE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a site on a ribosome that carries a tRNA along with a polypetide; initiation A SITE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a site on a ribosome where a charged tRNA initially binds; elongation E SITE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔a site on a ribosome from which an uncharged tRNA exits; elongation EACH RIBOSOMAL SUBUNIT IS COMPOSED OF... - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔multiple proteins and tRNA THE SITE(s) ON A RIBOSOME WHERE tRNA MOLS. MAY BE LOCATED.. - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the A, P, and E sites STEPS OF INITIATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ribosomal subunits, mRNA, and tRNA assemble to form the initiation complex ELONGATION - translation - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔the ribosome slides along the mRNA in the 5' to 3' direction moving over the codons
STEPS OF ELONGATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔as the ribosome moves along the mRNA tRNA molecules carrying amino acids, binds to the mRNA at the A site w.in the ribosome, and links the amino acids to their codons sequence STEPS OF TERMINATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔as a ribosome moves along the mRNA the stop codon is reached at site A and signals the end of translation by adding a release factor to site A; disassembly occurs; newly made polypetide is released WOBBLE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ability for the third position codon to accept some degree of mismatch HOW ARE AMINO ACIDS BONDED TO tRNA? - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔covalent bond CONSTITUTIVE GENE EXPRESSION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔expressed at a constant level REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔expression is variable depending on the environment
INDUCER + ACTIVATOR PROTEIN - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔transcription occurs COREPRESSOR + REPRESSOR PROTEIN - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔no transcription INHIBITOR + ACTIVATOR PROTEIN - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔no transcription OPERON - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔two + genes transcribed from a single promoter on a single strand of mRNA POLYCISTRONIC mRNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔mRNa encoding multiple genes LAC OPERON - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔CAP site; lac promoter (lacP); operator site (lacO); three protein encoding genes lacZ,Y,A; and a terminator lacO - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔operator; binding site for regulatory protein LAC REPRESSOR - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔binds to lacO; stops transcription
ALLOLACTOSE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔inducer that binds to lac repressor, allowing transcription NO/LOW ALLOLACTOSE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔lac repressor shuts off lac operon LACTOSE IN ENVIRONMENT - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔lac repressor is induced and lac operon is turned on ANISENSE RNA - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔adds a complimentary strand to mRNA which inhibits translation by the ribosome RIBOSWITCHES - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔small molecules that bind with RNA that can turn protein production on and off FEEDBACK INHIBITION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔cell responds to environment - will not make more than what is needed TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔category of proteins that influence the ability of RNA polymerase to transcribe a given gene ENHANCER - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔binds with an activator protein to enhance the rate or transcription
DNA TRANSLOCASE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔ATPase subunit that moves along DNA and alters nucleosome configuration HISTONE EVICTION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔histone octamers are removed VARIANT HISTONE - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔chemically modified histone THREE CHEM MODIFICATIONS TO HISTONES - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation ACETYLATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔relaxation of nucleosome structure to help RNA poly navigate; promotes transcription EPIGENETICS - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔describes the impact of chemical modifications to DNA bases on the traits of genes METHYLATION - CORRECT ANSWERS ✔✔blocks transcription factors by kicking off the activator
