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Bio 210 Trident Tech Final EXAM WITH
ANSWERS
Anatomy - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ studies the form and structure of the body Physiology - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ examines how the body func ons cytology - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ study of body cells and their internal structure Pathophysiology - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ relationship between the func on of an organ system and disease or injury to the system Characteristics That Describe Living Things - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, reproduction Muscular System - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ -Locomotion -Heat production (Muscles,Tendons)
endocrine system - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ -Regulates body functions by chemicals (hormones) (Pituitary gland, Parathyroid gland, Thyroid gland, Adrenal gland, Thymus, Pancreas, Gonads) Respiratory system - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ -Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange (Lungs,Trachea, Larynx, Nasal cavities, Pharynx) lymphatic system - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ -Returns tissue fluid to blood -Defends against foreign organisms (Spleen, Lymph nodes, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels) integumentary system - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ -Barrier to invading organisms and chemicals -Temperature control (Skin, Hair, Subcutaneous tissue) nervous system - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ -Coordinates activities of other organ systems -Responds to sensations
-Regulates pH and volume of blood (Kidneys,Urinary bladder,Urethra) digestive system - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ -Processes foods -Absorption of nutrients into body (Stomach, Intestinal tract, Liver, Pancreas, Esophagus Salivary gland) anatomic positon - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Upright stance Feet parallel and flat on the floor Upper limbs at the sides of the body Palms face anteriorly (toward the front) Eyes look forward What body parts make up the axial and appendicular skeleton - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body and consists of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. The appendicular skeleton consists of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, the limb bones, and the bones of the hands and feet.
Homeostasis - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or "steady state," in response to changing internal or external condi ons Components of Homeostatic Systems - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ receptor, control center, effector positive feedback - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Occurs much less frequently than negative feedback Stimulus is reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction as stimulus negative feedback - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Controls most processes in the body Variable fluctuates within a normal range around a set point matter - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Anything that has mass and takes up space Atom - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Smallest particle of an element isotopes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
pH scale - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14 Acid range on pH scale - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ 0-6. Base range on pH scale - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ 7.1- Four classes of biological molecules - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids Carbohydrates function - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ main source of energy Lipid function - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ long term energy storage protein functions - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances nucleic acid function - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ store and transmit genetic information difference in electrolytes and non electrolytes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Electrolytes are salts or molecules that ionize completely in solution. As a result, electrolyte solutions readily conduct electricity. Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate into ions in
solution; nonelectrolyte solutions do not, therefore, conduct electricity. potential energy - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Energy that is stored and held in readiness kinetic energy - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ the energy an object has due to its motion Enzymes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things endergonic reaction - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. exergonic reaction - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. decomposition reaction - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ a reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances AB → A + B synthesis reaction - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound A + B → AB
facilitated diffusion - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels simple diffusion - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Tonicity - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water Isotonic - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ when the concentration of two solutions is the same Hypotonic - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution cell bursts hypertonic solution - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution cell shrinks Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ charge difference across the plasma membrane -
Endoplasmic Reticulum function - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Assembles proteins and lipids Lysosomes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts Golgi apparatus - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum Perioxisomes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Function in detoxification of alcohol and production of bile in the liver or kidneys Mitochondria - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production Ribosomes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ site of protein synthesis Cell phases - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Prophase - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
merocrine glands - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis apocrine glands - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion mammary or ceruminous holocrine glands - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Exocrine glands whose secretions are made up of disintegrated cells Four major tissue types - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous simple squamous epithelium - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ single layer of flat cells (alveoli, lining of blood vessels, mesothelium) simple cuboidal epithelium - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ a single layer of cube-shaped cells;usually have centrally located, spherical nuclei; secretion as absorption; located in ovaries, kidney tubules, glands stratified squamous epithelium - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion skin if keratinized if not keratinized oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, anus
reticular fibers - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues. collagen fibers - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ a protein substance found in bone and cartilage provides strength elastic fibers - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Flexible and "stretchy" fibers that add elasticity to tissue Adipocytes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ fat cells that make up most of the subcutaneous layer Macrophages - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. Fibroblasts - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ produce fibers and ground substance mast cells - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation. dense regular connective tissue - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
Carotene - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ yellow-orange pigment arrector pili - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ a smooth muscle attached to hair follicles that causes "goose bumps" to appear on the skin when contracted sebaceous glands - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ secrete sebum (oil) into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis layers of integument - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ epidermis, dermis, hypodermis layers of epidermis - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum thick skin vs thin skin - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Thick skin- covers palms, soles fingers and toes thickness is due to the dead cells (stratum corneum). has seat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands) Thin skin- all over body, thin stratum corneum, has hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. major regions of the dermis - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ papillary region and reticular region
function of subcutaneous layer - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ protects and insulates compact bone - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone spongy bone - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Layer of bone tissue that has many small spaces and is found just inside the layer of compact bone. Cartilage - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Ligament - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Connects bone to bone Chondrocytes - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Cells that secrete cartilage. Diaphysis - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ shaft of a long bone medullary cavity - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow Epiphysis - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ End of a long bone
central canal (haversian canal) - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ canal that houses blood vessels located at the center of the osteon concentric lamellae - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ layers of bony matrix around a central canal Lacunae - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes Canaliculi - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal intramembranous ossification - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ bone develops from a fibrous membrane endocondral ossification - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ long bone fracture, blood -> cartilage -> bone (6-8 weeks repair) growth hormone - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland that stimulates growth of bones Calcitonin - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Lowers blood calcium levels (thyroid) joint - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ A place in the body where two bones come together
articulate - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. Synarthrosis - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ immovable joint Diarthrosis - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ freely movable joint Joint cavity (synovial cavity) - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ small amount of synovial fluid which lubricates and bears weight Tendons - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ Connect muscle to bone bursa - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another tendon sheath - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon Circumduction - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ circular movement of a limb at the far end Pronation - .... 🔰 VERIFIED ANSWERS.... ✔✔ palm down
