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BIO |\ 225 |\Exam |\ 1 |\Study |\Guide |\questions |\with |\
answers
Name |\the |\key |\events |\of |\animal |\development |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔1. |\Gametes- |\Sperm |\and |\eggs |\form |\and |\mature
- |\Fertilization- |\egg |\and |\sperm |\fuse
- |\Blastulation |(cleavage)- |\Zygote |\subdivides |\cytoplasm |\partitioned |
in |\blastomeres - |\Gastrulation- |\Germ |\layers |\form
- |\Organogenesis- |\Body |\organs |\form, |\cells |\interact, |\differentiate
- |\growth- |\organs |\increase |\in |\size, |\adult |\body |\form |\attained Know |\terms |\associated |\with |\the |\quantity |\and |\distribution |\of |\yolk |\in |
eggs |\and |\their |\effect |\on |\cleavage |\patterns |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Isolecithal: |\eggs |\with |\very |\little |\yolk, |\evenly |\distributed |\through |
the |\egg |(holoblastic |\cleavage: |\entire |\cell |\cleaves)
Mesolecithal: |\eggs |\with |\a |\moderate |\amount |\of |\yolk |\concentrated |\at |\the |\vegetal |\pole |(holoblastic) Telolecithal: |\eggs |\contain |\an |\abundance |\of |\yolk |\densely |
concentrated |\at |\the |\vegetal |\pole |(meroblastic |\cleavage: |\partial |
cleavage; |\too |\much |\yolk) Centralecithal: |\eggs |\have |\a |\large, |\centrally |\located |\mass |\of |\yolk How |\is |\polarity |\established |\in |\frog |\eggs |(gray |\crescent |\formation, |\b |\catenin |-details |\on |\why |\its |\concentrated |\in |\the |\gray |\crescent |\area, |
etc.) |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\animal-vegetal |\pole |\exists |
because |\yolk |\nutrition |\for |\developing |\embryo |\occurs |\only |\at |\one |
end, |\establishing |\polarity |\in |\the |\embryo |\The |\Grey |\Crescent |\is |
formed |\by |\the |\ 30 |\degree |\rotation |\of |\the |\fertilized |\egg |\to |\form |\a |
dorsal/ |\ventral |\axis. |\Thus |\the |\crescent |\serves |\as |\a |\determination |\of |
dorsal/ventral |\polarity Compare |\the |\developmental |\characteristics |\of |\the |\two |\bilaterally |
symmetrical |\metazoans, |\the |\protostomes |\and |\the |\deuterostomes |
(for |\example |\radial |\vs |\spiral |\cleavage, |\mosaic |\and |\regulative |
development). |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Radial |\Cleavage: |\new |\cells |
form |\directly |\on |\top |\of |\each |\other |\in |\layers Spiral |\Cleavage: |\new |\cells |\in |\furrow |(pack |\tight)
Blastomeres |\move |\into |\the |\interior |\of |\the |\blastula |\to |\start |\forming |
(invagination) |\an |\interior |\chamber |\called |\archenteron. |\Germ |\layers |
start |\to |\form Frog |(mesolecithal) This |\stage |\is |\also |\called |\the |\yolk-plug |\stage |\since |\the |\yolk |\is |\seen |
externally |\in |\only |\one |\area |\because |\the |\blastomeres |\of |\the |\animal |
pole |\have |\moved |\around |\the |\blastomeres |\of |\the |\vegetal |\pole. |
Animal |\pole |\blastomeres |\also |\moved |\inward |\at |\the |\blastopore |\and |
above |\the |\yolk |\to |\form |\the |\germ |\layers. Distinguish |\between |\enterocoelous |\vs |\schizocoelous |\origin |\of |\body |
cavity. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\coelom |\made |\by |\schizocoely |\is |
functionally |\equivalent |\to |\a |\coelom |\made |\by |\enterocoely. |\The |
method |\by |\which |\the |\coelom |\forms |\is |\an |\inherited |\character Describe |\the |\neurulation |\process |(how |\is |\it |\derived |\from |\the |
ectoderm). |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Neurulation |\is |\the |\formation |\of |\the |\nervous |\system |\from |\the |\ectoderm.
- |\The |\ectoderm |\thickens |\to |\form |\neural |\plate
- |\Edges |\rise |\and |\join |\to |\form |\tube- |\enlarges |\anteriorly |(brain), |
posteriorly |(spinal |\cord) - |\Crest |\cells |(PNS) |\guidance |\molecules |\from |\neuron |\and |\target |
guide |\neuron |\growth
Name |\three |\primary |\germ |\layers |\and |\their |\derivatives |\in |
vertebrates. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Ectoderm: |\epidermis |\and |
nervous |\system Endoderm: |\lining |\of |\digestive |\and |\respiratory |\system Mesoderm: |\muscular, |\skeletal, |\cardiovascular, |\reproductive |\systems What |\is |\meant |\by |\induction? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Induction: |
capability |\of |\some |\cells |\to |\evoke |\a |\specific |\developmental |\response |
in |\other |\cells Describe |\Spemann-Mangold |\primary |\organizer |\experiment. |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Transferred |\dorsal |\lip |\to |\salamander |
embryo, |\which |\formed |\ 2 |\attached |\embryos dorsal |\lip |\area- |\primary |\organizer key |\molecule- |\Beta |\catenin |
Induces |\other |\cells |\to |\differentiate |\properly Describe |\the |\other |\Spemann |\experiments |\described |\in |\class |\along |
with |\their |\implications. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\human |\hair |\was |
tied |\around |\salamander |\zygote |\at |\the |\ 16 |\cell |\stage, |\ 1 |\cleavage |
nuclei |\wandered |\to |\a |\nucleate |\side |(this |\side |\started |\to |\divide experiment |\1: |\hair |\splits |\the |\gray |\crescent, |\two |\embryos |\form |\
How |\is |\the |\contractile |\vacuole |\used |\to |\maintain |\homeostasis |
including |\how |\to |"fill" |\a |\contractile |\vacuole. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔They |\function |\principally |\in |\osmoregulation |\nd |\they |\fill |\and |
empty |\to |\remain |\isoosmotic |\with |\the |\solution |\they |\are |\in. |\They |\are |
more |\prevalent |\and |\fill |\and |\empty |\more |\frequently |\in |\freshwater |
unicellular |\eukaryotes |\than |\in |\marine |\and |\endosymbiotic |\species |
where |\their |\surrounding |\medium |\would |\be |\more |\isoosmotic Water |\enters |\by |\diffusion |\to |\maintain |\osmotic |\pressure |\equal |\to |
that |\in |\the |\cytoplasm. |\When |\the |\vacuole |\fills |\its |\membrane |\fuses |
with |\the |\cell's |\surface |\membrane, |\expelling |\water |\H+ |\and |\HCO3-. |
Protons |\and |\bicarbonate |\ions |\are |\replaced |\readily |\by |\action |\of |
carbonic |\anhydrase |\on |\carbon |\dioxide |\and |\water
- |\Briefly |\describe |\the |\ 4 |\kinds |\of |\reproduction |\in |\protozoans |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔binary |\fission: |\a |\process |\that |\produces |\more |\individuals |\in |\unicellular |\eukaryotes |\and |\this |\type |\yields |\two |
essentially |\identical |\individuals |\as |\a |\result |(most |\common |\type) |\budding: |\When |\a |\progeny |\cell |\is |\considerably |\smaller |\than |\the |
parent |\and |\then |\grows |\to |\adult |\size |(occurs |\in |\some |\ciliates) |\multiple |\fission/schizogony: |\division |\of |\the |\cytoplasm |\is |\preceded |
by |\several |\nuclear |\divisions |\so |\that |\a |\number |\of |\individuals |\are |
produced |\almost |\simultaneously |(common |\among |\Apicomplexa |\and |
some |\amoebas)
conjugation: |\an |\exchange |\of |\gametic |\nuclei |\occurs |\between |\paired |
organisms |(sexual |\reproduction)
. |\Outline |\protozoan |\classification |\by |\distinguishing |\among |\the |
following |\phyla: |\euglenozoa, |\dinoflagellata, |\apicomplexa, |
diplomonada |\and |\ciliophora. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Euglenozoa- |
flagellated |\protozoans; |\microtubules |\under |\cell |\membrane |\stiffen |\it |
Dinoflagellata- |\two |\flagella, |\cause |\the |\Red |\Tides |\because |\of |\of |\a |\red |\pigment |\bloom Apicomplexa- |\all |\endoparasites Dinomonada- |\lack |\mitochondria, |\golgi |\bodies |(usually |\gets |\nutrients |\by |\being |\a |\parasite)
- |
Ciliophora- |\cilia, |\multinucleate |(macro |\and |\micronucleus), |\a |\lot |\of |
cilia |\some |\with |\trichocysts/toxicysts-relase |\threads |((some |\with |
posion)
- |\Distinguish |\between |\lobopodia |\and |\axopodia. |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔Lobopodia: |\rather |\large |\blunt |\extensions |\of |\the |\cell |\
trophozoites, |\micro |\and |\macrogametocytes). |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Trypanosoma |\brucei: |\causes |\African |\Sleeping |\Sickness. |
Transmitted |\by |\tsetse |\fly |\to |\people |\from |\a |\natural |\reservoir |
(antelope) Entamoeba |\histolytica: |\amoebic |\dysentery. |\lives |\in |\the |\large |
intestine |\feeding |\by |\a |\process |\called |\trogocystosis |\where |\the |
parasite |\bites |\and |\consumes |\sections |\of |\the |\host |\cell |\membrane, |
cytoplasm |\and |\organelles. |\Spread |\by |\contaminated |\water |\or |\food |
containing |\cysts Foraminiferans: |\They |\die |\and |\have |\been |\sinking |\to |\the |\bottom |\of |
the |\ocean |\building |\up |\a |\characteristic |\ooze |\rich |\in |\lime |\and |\silica. |
Limestone |\and |\chalk |\deposits |\that |\were |\laid |\down |\by |\the |
accumulation |\of |\forminiferans |\when |\sea |\covered |\what |\is |\now |\land |
is |\also |\important. Toxoplasma: |\causes |\toxoplasmosis. |\Common |\parasite |\found |\in |\cat |
feces |\and |\contaminated |\food. |\The |\normal |\route |\of |\infection |\for |
humans |\is |\consumption |\of |\infected |\meat |\that |\is |\insufficiently |
cooked. |\Can |\be |\serious |\for |\immunocompromised |\and |\pregnant |
women Giardia: |\a |\diplomonad, |\parasite. |\Some |\species |\inhabit |\the |\digestive |
tract |\of |\humans. |\It |\is |\often |\asymptomatic |\but |\can |\cause |\non-fatal |\
diarrhea. |\Cysts |\are |\passed |\in |\the |\feces, |\and |\new |\host |\are |\infected |
by |\ingestion |\of |\cysts |\often |\in |\contaminated |\water Plamodium: |\causes |\malaria; |\spread |\by |\mosquitos |
Malaria |\is |\spread |\by |\Anopheles |\mosquito |\which |\ingests |
gametocytes |\along |\with |\human |\blood |\then |\when |\biting |\another |
victim |\leaves |\sporozoictes |\in |\new |\wound Life |\Cycle: |\1. |\Sexual |\cycle |\produces |\sporozoites |\in |\a |\mosquito. |\2. |
Meiosis |\occurs |\just |\after |\zygote |\formation |\3. |\Sporozoites |\infect |\a |
person |\and |\reproduce |\asexually, |\first |\in |\liver |\cells |\and |\the |\in |\red |
blood |\cells
- |\Distinguish |\between |\movement |\of |\a |\cilium |\and |\a |\flagellum. |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Cilia |\use |\kinesin |\which |\has |\an |\ATPase |
activity |\that |\produces |\energy |\to |\perform |\the |\movement. |(rotational, |\like |\a |\motor, |\very |\fast) Flagella |\are |\powered |\by |\the |\proton-motive |\force |\by |\the |\plasma |
membrane |(wave-like, |\undulating, |\sinusoidal, |\slow |\movement |
compared |\to |\cilia) - |\Describe |\the |\sliding |\microtubule |\hypothesis |\for |\flagellar |
movement |(9 |\doublets |\with |\ 2 |\central |\singlets, |\dynein |\arms, |\nexin, |
radial |\spokes; |\rubber |\flagpole |\analogy). |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔The |\movement |\is |\powdered |\by |\a |\release |\of |\chemical |\bond |
energy |\in |\ATP. |\Two |"arms" |\of |\dynein |\proteins |\are |\visible |\in |\electron |\
COPD |(Chronic |\obstructive |\pulmonary |\disease)- |\includes |\two |\main |
conditions |\emphysema |\and |\chronic |\bronchitis. |\Emphysema- |\walls |\of |\the |\alveoli |\are |\damaged |(gas |\exchange |\is |\reduced). |\Chronic |
bronchitis- |\lining |\of |\the |\airways |\constantly |\irritated |\and |\inflamed. |
This |\causes |\the |\lining |\to |\thicken |(excess |\mucus)= |\reduced |\diameter |
of |\tubes |\in |\respiratory |\system=hard |\to |\breath. |\Main |\cause= |
smoking
- |\Describe |\how |\the |\lobopod |\is |\extended |(actin |\subunits, |
regulatory |\proteins, |\endo |\and |\ectoplasm, |\etc.). |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔In |\endoplasm, |\actin |\cytoskeletal |\subunits |\are |\bound |\to |
regulatory |\actin-binding |\proteins |\that |\keep |\them |\from |\assembling. |\ - |\Actin |\subunits |\are |\dispersed |\throughout |\the |\cytoplasm. |\the |\actin |
subunits |\are |\freed |\from |\the |\regulatory |\proteins |\by |\lipids |\in |\the |
plasma |\membrane |\2. |\Subunits |\quickly |\assemble |\into |\filaments |\and |
upon |\interaction |\with |\actin-binding |\protein |(ABP) |\may |\cross-link |\to |
form |\gel-like |\ectoplasm |\3. |\At |\the |\trailing |\edge |\calcium |\ions |\activate |
an |\ABP |\that |\disassembles |\actin |\cross-linkages, |\loosening |\the |
network |\enough |\that |\myosin |\molecules |\can |\pull |\on |\it |\4. |
Disassembled |\subunits |\are |\reused What |\is |\the |\functional |\unit |\of |\a |\nervous |\system? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔neuron
List |\and |\define |\the |\three |\kinds |\of |\neurons. |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Sensory |(afferent)- |\lie |\mostly |\outside |\the |\CNS |\and |\in |\the |\PNS, |
activated |\by |\sensory |\input |\from |\the |\environment motor |(efferent)- |\Lie |\mostly |\outside |\the |\CNS |\and |\in |\the |\PNS, |\control |\muscle |\movement interneuron |(interconnect)- |\99% |\of |\all |\neurons |\in |\the |\body |\lie |\with |
entirely |\in |\the |\CNS, |\connect |\spinal |\motor |\and |\sensory |\neurons What |\are |\the |\parts |\of |\a |\neuron? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔dendrites, |\cell |\body, |\axon
- |\What |\are |\neuroglial |\cells |\and |\what |\function |\do |\they |\perform? |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔They |\are |\the |\surrounding |\non-nervous |
neurons, |\they |\perform |\myelination |\and |\are |\part |\of |\the |\blood |\brain |
barrier - |\Distinguish |\between |\convergent |\and |\divergent |\processing. |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Divergent |\processing |\is |\when |\information |\is |
sent |\to |\the |\CNS |\and |\sends |\out |\a |\response |\that |\spreads |\out. |\Ex. |\If |
you |\step |\on |\a |\nail |\you |\will |\lift |\your |\foot, |\shout |\and |\shift |\your |
weight |\all |\at |\the |\same |\time. |\This |\is |\a |\result |\of |\divergent |\and |
parallel |\processing Convergent |\processing |\is |\when |\two |\different |\avenues |\can |\affect |\the |\neuron |\but |\the |\neuron |\will |\ultimately |\decide
coverings |\of |\the |\brain |\and |\spinal |\cord |\outer |\layer: |\dura |\mater |
(epidural |\space |\outside |\dura |\mater), |\second: |\arachnoid |\mater, |\third: |\pia |\mater |
Gray |\matter: |\cell |\bodies, |\interneurons White |\matter: |\myelinated |\axons
- |\List |\components |\of |\a |\reflex |\arc |\and |\what |\type |\of |\information |
enters |\the |\dorsal |\vs |\ventral |\roots |\of |\the |\spinal |\cord. |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔1. |\Receptor |\senses |\a |\stimulus |
2.sensory |\neuron |\transmits |\signal |\up |\the |\PNS |\to |\the |\CNS - |\Integration |\center |\decodes |\the |\signal
- |\Motor |\neuron |\sends |\directions |\back |\to |\the |\site |\of |\the |\stimulus |\
- |\Effector |\cells |\respond |\by |\contracting |\or |\secreting
- |\Name |\the |\major |\functions |\associated |\with |\the |\following |\brain |
structures: |\medulla, |\cerebellum, |\hypothalamus, |\and |\cerebrum. |- |
CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Medulla- |\Regulates |\heart |\rate |\and |\force |\of |
contraction; |\vasomotor |\control; |\sets |\rate |\of |\respiration, |\relays |
information |\to |\the |\cerebellum; |\integrates |\feeding |\and |\satiety |\stimuli Cerebellum- |\controls |\equilibrium, |\posture, |\and |\movement; |
involuntary |\coordination |\and |\control |\of |\outgoing |\movements
Hypothalamus- |\controls |\autonomic |\functions; |\sets |\appetitive |\drives |
and |\reproductive |\behavior; |\patriciates |\in |\emotional |\responses; |
secretes |\ADH, |\oxytocin; |\secretes |\releasing |\hormones |\for |\anterior |
pituitary |\regulation Cerebrum-Motor |\area |\controls |\voluntary |\muscles |\movements; |
sensory |\cortex |\is |\center |\of |\conscious |\perception |\of |\touch, |\pressure, |\vibration, |\pain, |\temptation |\and |\taste, |\association |\areas |\integrate |
and |\process |\sensory |\data What |\functional |\activities |\are |\associated |\with |\left |\and |\right |
hemispheres |\of |\cerebral |\cortex? |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\left |
hemisphere |\or |\side |\of |\the |\brain |\is |\responsible |\for |\language |\and |
speech |(been |\called |\the |\dominant |\hemisphere) The |\right |\hemisphere |\plays |\a |\large |\part |\in |\interpreting |\visual |
information |\and |\spatial |\processing
- |\What |\are |\the |\ 2 |\divisions |\of |\ANS, |\how |\are |\they |\distinguished |
from |\each |\other, |\and |\what |\activities |\do |\they |\perform? |- |\CORRECT |
ANSWERS |\✔✔parasympathetic |\nervous |\systems: |\conserves |\energy |
by |\slowing |\heart |\rate, |\increases |\intestinal |\and |\gland |\activity |\and |
relaxes |\sphincter |\muscles |\in |\the |\gastrointestinal |\track, |\Called |\the |
rest |\and |\digest |\system
