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BIO |\ 225 |\exam |\ 1 |\umich |\questions |\with |\answers
Nervous |\system |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Electrical |\signaling, |\rapid |
but |\transient Endocrine |\system |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Chemical |\signaling, |\slow |
but |\sustained. Positive |\feedback |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Stimulus |\triggers |
mechanisms |\that |\amplify |\the |\response |\and |\reinforces |\the |\stimulus. I.e. |\parturation |- |\stimulus: |\uterus |\distorted |- |\receptors: |\stretch |
receptors |\of |\uterine |\walls |- |\control |\center: |\oxytocin |\release |\sends |
commands |\to |- |\effectors: |\muscles |\in |\uterine |\wall |\contract |- |
response: |\contration |\and |\further |\distortion |\of |\uterus |- |\back |\to |
recepters: |\stretch |\receptors |\of |\uterine |\wall And!! |\Action |\potential |\generation |(initial |\trigger: |\opening |\of |\Na |
channel, |\reduction |\of |\membrane |\voltage, |\activating |\voltage |\gated |
Na |\channels |\to |\open |\further) Phenotypic |\plasticity |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Single |\genotype |
generates |\more |\than |\one |\phenotype |\depending |\on |\environmental |
conditions
Phenotype |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Is |\a |\product |\of |\genotype |\and |
its |\interaction |\w |\the |\environment Adaption |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Change |\in |\a |\pop |\over |
evolutionary |\time |( |\many |\generations) Environmental |\factors |\affect |\phenotypic |\plasticity Cellular |\adaption |(sensory |\adaption) Molecular |\adaption |(sensory |\receptor |\adaption) Energy |\categories |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Mechanical |- |\movement |
of |\objects Electrical |- |\movement |\of |\charged |\particles Thermal |- |\movement |\of |\molecules Chemical |- |\within |\chemical |\bonds Gradient |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\difference |\between |\two |\points Difference |\in |\concentration
Taste |- |\chemical Olfaction |- |\chemical Metabolic |\pathways |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Series |\of |\reactions |
that |\convert |\substrates |\to |\products. |\Catalyzed |\by |\enzymes. Synthesis |(anabolic) Degradative |(catabolic) Metabolism |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Sum |\of |\metabolic |\pathways |
for |\the |\synthesis |\and |\breakdown |\of |\molecules Biomolecules |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Proteins |(made |\of |\amino |
acids) Carbohydrates |(most |\common |: |\glucose) Lipids Nucleic |\acids Proteins |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Contribute |\to |\cell |\structure |\and |
function Mediate |\all |\cellular |\processes
Protein |\structure |\is |\coded |\in |\DNA Carbohydrates |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔"Hydrates |\of |\carbon" Many |\hydroxyl |(-OH) |\groups Glucose |\is |\the |\most |\common |\carbohydrate |\in |\animal |\diets. |\Major |
source |\of |\energy Energy |\metabolism Glycolysis |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Glucose |\molecule |\broken |\down |
to |\make |\ATP |(2 |\molecules) Lipids |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔All |\are |\hydrophobic |(do |\not |\dissolve |
in |\water) Carbon |\backbone Used |\for |\energy |\metabolism, |\cell |\structure |\and |\signaling I.e. |\fatty |\acids, |\triglycerides, |\phospholipids, |\steroids
Mitochodria |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Essential |\for |\ATP |\generation Gene |\expression |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔In |\the |\nucleus |\and |
cytosol Endoplasmic |\recticulum |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Make |\proteins |\and |\lipids Golgi |\apparatus |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔A |\system |\of |\membranes |
that |\modifies |\and |\packages |\proteins |\for |\export |\by |\the |\cell Intracellular |\traffic |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Protein |\packed |\in |
vesicles |\and |\motor |\protein |\carries |\to |\right |\place Cytoskeleton |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Important |\for |\the |\motor |
protein |\to |\carry |\the |\cargo Maintains |\cell |\structure |\and |\external |\cell |\shape. |\Organization |\of |
intracellular |\membranes Microfilaments |\and |\microtubules Cellular |\processes:
Movement |(motor |\proteins) Signal |\transduction Cellular |\membranes |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Main |\roles: |
Isolate |\cells |\from |\the |\environment |- |\control |\of |\intracellular |
conditions, |\helps |\maintain |\composition |\of |\intra |\and |\extracellular |
fluid. |\Regulates |\traffic |\in |\and |\out |\of |\cell. |\Detects |\chemical |
messengers |\arriving |\at |\cell |\surface. Organize |\intracellular |\pathways |\into |\subcellular |\compartments Forms |\a |\framework |\for |\protein |\components |\of |\cell Lipid |\profile |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Lipid |\bilayer: |\phospholipids |- |
primarily |\phosphoglycerides Other |\lipids: Sphingolipids: |\alter |\electrical |\properties Glycolipid: |\communication |\between |\cells Cholesterol: |\increase |\fluidity |\while |\decreasing |\permeability
Hydrophobic |\molecules |(O2, |\CO2, |\N2) |- |\can |\cross Small, |\uncharged |\polar |\molecules |(glycerol) |- |\can |\cross Large, |\uncharged |\polar |\molecules |(glucose, |\sucrose) |- |\facilitated |
diffusion Ions |(H+, |\Na+, |\NCO3-,Ca2+, |\Cl-, |\Mg2+, |\K+) |- |\charged |\molecules |\cant |\diffuse |\directly |- |\facilitated |\diffusion Passive |\diffusion |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Lipid |\soluble |\molecules |
(O2, |\CO2, |\N2) No |\transporter |\needed, |\molecules |\cross |\lipid |\bilayer No |\energy |\needed Depends |\on |\conc. |\Gradient, |\steeper |\gradient |\results |\in |\faster |\rates Facilitated |\diffusion |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔No |\energy |\needed Hydrophilic |\molecules Protein |\transporters |\needed Main |\types |\of |\protein |\carriers |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Ion |
channels: |\small |\pores |\for |\specific |\ions, |\open |\and |\close |\in |\response |
to |\cellular |\condition. |(Gated |\channel) Porins: |\like |\ion |\channels, |\but |\for |\larger |\molecules
Permeases: |\carries |\molecules |\across |\membrane Active |\transport |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Energy |\needed Protein |\transporter |\needed Molecules |\moved |\from |\low |\to |\high |\conc. Main |\types |\of |\active |\transport |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Primary |
active |\transport: |\uses |\ATP Secondary |\active |\transport: |\couples |\the |\movement |\of |\one |\molecule |
to |\the |\movement |\of |\a |\second |\molecule |(i.e. |\co-transporter, |
exchanger, |\symport, |\antiport) Primary |\active |\transport |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Hydrolysis |\of |\ATP |
provides |\energy: Transporters |\are |\ATPases Some |\transporters |\pump |\specific |\ions |(i.e. |\H+, |\Na+, |\K+, |\Ca2+) Some |\can |\carry |\large |\organic |\molecules |(i.e. |\antibiotics, |\toxins) secondary |\active |\transport |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Use |\energy |\in |
electrochemical |\gradient |\of |\one |\molecule |(Na+ |\or |\H+ |\most |
common) |\to |\drive |\another |\molecule |\against |\its |\gradient -antiport |\or |\exchange |\carrier: |\molecules |\move |\in |\opp. |\Directions
Neural |\zones |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Signal |\reception Signal |\intergration Signal |\conduction Signal |\transmission Signal |\reception |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Dendrites |\and |\cell |\body |
(soma) Incoming |\signal |(sensory |\stimuli |\or |\neurotransmitters |\from |\other |
neurons) |\received |\and |\converted |\to |\change |\in |\membrane |\potential |
(electric |\signal) Signal |\integration |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Axon |\hillock Strong |\signal |\is |\converted |\to |\an |\action |\potential |(AP) Action |\potential |\and |\change |\of |\membrane |\potential: |\the |
information |"currency" |\of |\neurons Signal |\conduction |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Axon |(some |\wrapped |\in |
myelin |\sheath |- |\to |\increase |\conduction |\speed) AP |\travels |\down |\axon
Signal |\transmission |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Axon |\terminal |(in |
contact |\w |\targeted |\cell |- |\i.e. |\muscle |\cell. |\Contact |\site |\is |\called |
synapse |- |\important |\for |\cell-cell |\communication) Electrical |\signals |\in |\neurons |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Neurons |\have |
a |\resting |\membrane |\potential, |\wich |\is |\negative |\at |\rest |(~-65 |\or |-70 |
mV) Neurons |\are |\excitable |- |\can |\rapidly |\change |\their |\membrane |
potential Depolarization |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Membrane |\become |\less |
negative Repolarization |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Membrane |\potential |\returns |\to |\resting |\value Hyperpolarization |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Membrane |\potential |
beecomes |\more |\negative |\than |\resting |\value Current |\clamp |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Fix |\the |\current |(zero), |\and |
to |\study |\the |\change |\of |\voltage |(membrane |\potential) |\in |\response |\to |\stimulation
Potassium |\channels |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Use |\gating |\and |
selectivity Gating |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Neurons |\depolarize |\or |
hyperpolarize |\by |\selectively |\altering |\permeability Gated |\ion |\channels |\open |\or |\close |\in |\response |\to |\a |\stimulus: Neurotransmitter |(chemically-gated) |(ligand-gated) Voltage |(voltage |\gated) Mechanical |\force |(mechanically |\gated) Temperature |(temp |\gated) Selectivity |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Channels |\only |\allow |\specific |\ions |\to |\pass |\through |\the |\membrane |(selectivity) As |\permeability |\to |\a |\specific |\ion |\increases, |\membrane |\potential |\will |
approach |\that |\ion's |\equilibrium |\potential |(Nernst |\equation) Signals |\in |\the |\dendrites |\and |\cell |\body |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |
✔✔Incoming |\signal |(i.e. |\neurotransmitter |\or |\sensory |\stimuli) Membrane-bound |\receptors |\bind |\to |\a |\neurotransmitter
-receptors |\transduce |\the |\chemical |\signal |\to |\an |\electrical |\signal |\by |
changing |\ion |\permeability |\of |\membrane -change |\in |\ion |\permeability |\causes |\change |\in |\membrane |\potential |
(graded |\potential) Graded |\potentials |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\more |
neurotransmitters/the |\stronger |\stimulation, |\bigger |\the |\graded |
potential Travel |\with |\decay From |\the |\opening |\of |\channels Vary |\in |\magnitude |\depending |\on |\strength |\of |\stimulus: |\more |
neurotransmitter |= |\more |\ion |\channels |\open |= |\larger |\magnitude |\of |
graded |\potential Depolarization |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Na+ |\of |\Ca2+ |\channels |\open Becomes |\less |\negative Hyperpolarization |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔K+ |\and |\Cl- |\channels |
open
Integration |\of |\graded |\signals |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Many |\graded |\potentials |\can |\be |\generated |\simultaneously Spatial |\summation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔graded |\potentials |\from |
different |\sites |\influence |\the |\net |\change Temporal |\summation |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔graded |\potentials |
that |\occur |\at |\slightly |\different |\times |\influence |\net |\change Come |\back |\and |\review |\the |\differences |\between |\action |\and |\graded |
potentials |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Chart |** Ohm's |\law |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔R=V/I C=1/R C=1/V Permeability |\is |\related |\to |\conductance Voltage |\gated |\channels |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Change |\shape |\due |\to |\changes |\in |\membrane |\potential |(closed |\at |\resting |\potential)
Positive |\feedback: Influx |\of |\Na+ |= |\local |\depolarization |= |\more |\Na+ |\channels |\open |= |
more |\depolarization Na+ |\channels |\open |\first |(depolarization) K+ |\channels |\open |\more |\slowly |(repolarization) Na+ |\channels |\close K+ |\channels |\close |\slowly |(relative |\refractory |\period |\caused |\by |\open |
K+ |\channels) Absolute |\refractory |\period |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔The |\minimum |
length |\of |\time |\after |\an |\action |\potential |\during |\which |\another |\action |\potential |\cannot |\begin. |
Due |\to |\channels |\being |\inactivated |(not |\just |\closed) Relative |\refractory |\period |- |\CORRECT |\ANSWERS |\✔✔Undershoot/after |\hyperpolarization More |\negative |\than |\resting |\potential more |\difficult, |\but |\not |\impossible |\to |\get |\another |\action |\potential
