Download BIO 2401 Test 1&2 LATEST SPRING SEMESTER 2025 EXAM 100% ACCURATE TEST WITH ANSWERS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 2401 Test 1&2 LATEST SPRING SEMESTER 2025 EXAM
100% ACCURATE TEST WITH ANSWERS
what is osmosis? the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration what is diffusion? the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration what is phagocytosis? cellular eating what is the role of the nervous system? to coordinate and control the node activities by transmitting signals between body parts responsibility of the sympathetic nervous system speeds up various bodily functions in response to stress or danger function of the parasympathetic nervous system slow down and relax the body; rest and digest the somatic nervous system is in charge of ________ control voluntary the autonomic nervous system is in charge of _________ control involuntary
what are the characteristics of neurons? long-living, amitotic (do not divide), and specialized to transmit electrical signals what is the function of dendrites? to receive electrical signals and transmit the to the cell body what is the function of an axon? to cary nerve impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles what is the function of the axon terminal? to communicate with the next cell what is myelination? the process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow nerve impulses to move more quickly difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes Schwann cells myeline inn the PNS; oligo's myeline in the CNS what are nissl bodies? rough ER in neurons what is the axon hillock? the part of the neuron where the axon originates and axon potential beings what is a synapse? a junction where a neuron communicates with another cell
function of axon carries nerve impulses away from the cell body function of the motor end plate receives acetylcholine and triggers muscle contractions what is the function of the synaptic cleft? the space between neurons (or neuron and muscle) where neurotransmitters diffuse across the next cell what is acetylcholine (ACl) a neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions to stimulate muscle contractions where us acetylcholine released from? from synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal into the synaptic cleft how is acetylcholine removed from the synaptic cleft broke down by acetylcholinesterase what is a ganglion? a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system what is a plexus? network of intersecting nerves what is the absolute refractory period? the period when a neuron cannot fire another action potential, no matter the stimulus
what is the relative refractory period? a period when a stronger-than-usual stimulus is needed to trigger another action potential function of astrocytes form blood brain barrier function of oligodendrocytes produce myelin in CNS function of microglia act as immune defense (phagocytosis) function of ependymal cells produce CSF what are Nodes of Ranvier? gaps in the myelin sheath that allow ion exchange what is continuous conduction? slow conduction that occurs in unmyelinated axons what is saltatory conduction? fast conduction alone myelinated axons which conducts faster: myelinated or unmyelinated axons? myelinated what is anatomy? the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
what are the four major macromolecules? carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids function of carbohydrates provide quick energy (e.g., glucose, starch) function of lipids store energy, form cell membranes function of proteins build tissues, act as enzymes and hormones (e.g. collage, enzymes) function of nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information what is the make up of DNA double stranded; adenine, thymine, cytosine, quinine what is the make up of RNA single stranded; adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine what are the functions of the plasma membrane? protects the cell, selective permeability, cell signaling what is the function of the Golgi apparatus? modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids what is the functions of ribosomes? synthesize proteins
what is the cytoplasm? everything inside the cell besides the nucleus what is the nuclear envelope? double membrane that surrounds the nucleus what are lysosomes? digestive enzymes what are peroxisomes? break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances what is passive transport? does not require energy what is active transport? requires energy (ATP) to move substances against the concentration gradient what is mesenchymal tissue? embryonic tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissues function of goblet cells secrete mucus function of mast cells secrete heparin and histamine; inflammatory response
role of hemoglobin transport oxygen role of myoglobin stores oxygen in muscles used for aerobic ATP production what is a synarthrosis joint? immovable joint what is an amphiarthrosis joint? slightly moveable; cartilaginous what is a diarthrosis joint? freely moveable joint what are sutures in the brain? immovable fibrous joints connecting skull bones what is an osteon? the structural unit of compact bone what is lamella? layer of matrix surrounding the central canal of an osteon what is an osteoblast? bone-forming cell
what is an osteocyte? mature bone cell what is an osteoclast? cells that break down bone terminal hair Long, coarse, pigmented hair found on the scalp, legs, arms, and bodies of males and females. what are the symptoms of a first degree burn? localized redness, swelling, and pain what are the symptoms of a 2nd degree burn? partial-thickness burn, epidermis and upper dermis are damaged, skin is red with blisters what are the symptoms of a 3rd degree burn? full-thickness burn, destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless, requires skin grafts, burn is gray-white or black, fluid loss function of a sudiferous gland thermoregulation function of a sebaceous gland waterproofs and lubricates function of a mammary gland lactation describe an endocrine gland
what is the function of nervous tissue send impulses to other areas of the body what is the function of the cochlea? hearing what I the function of the vestibule (and semicircular canals)? balance and spatial orientation what do the ear ossicles do? transmit sound vibrations from the eardrums, to inner ear what are ventricles in the brain? cavities that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) where is CSF found? in the subarachnoid space and ventricles what happens when there is damage to Wernicke's and Broca's area? speech impediments and impaired language comprehension what is CN I and its function? olfactory (smell) what is CN II and its function? optic (vision) what is CN III and its function?
oculomotor (eye movement, pupil constriction, eyelid elevation) what is CN IV and its function? trochlear (motor eye movement) what is CN V and its function? trigeminal (facial sensation; chewing/mastication) what is CN VI and its function? adbucens (lateral aye movement) what us CN VII and its function? facial (facial expression, taste, salivary/lacrimal glands) what is CN VIII and its function? vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance) what is CN IX and its function? glossopharyngeal (taste, swallowing, salivation, monitoring carotid body) what is CN X and its function? vagus (parasympathetic control of heart, lungs, digestion; taste and speech) what is CN XI and its function? accessory (motto: head and shoulder movement) what is CN XII and its function? hypoglossal (tongue movement) Anatomy
contains the spinal cord Body Cavities: thoracic lungs and thoracic viscera Body Cavities: abdominopelvic abdominal and pelvic viscera What are the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities lined by? double-layered serous membranes that secrete serous fluid (slippery, prevents friction between layers) Visceral layer inner, covers organs Parietal layer outer, lines wall of cavity Examples of serous membranes
- pleura (around thorax/lungs)
- pericardium (around heart)
- peritoneum (around abdominopelvic organs) integumentary system skin, body covering, protection, body temperature, sensory reception, Vitamin D production Skeletal system
support and movement, framework, protection attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells Muscular system support and movement, main source of body heat, posture Anatomical position facing forward with palms of the hands and feet also facing forward sagittal section/plane a longitudinal cut that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts coronal (frontal) plane divides body into anterior and posterior Atom Basic unit of matter, composed of subatomic particles Proton large, positive charge Neutron large, no electrical charge Electron small, negative charge
Skin largest organ, composed of several tissue types, also called the cutaneous membrane and contains 2 layers epidermis outer skin layer, made of stratified squamous epithelium dermis inner layer of skin, thicker than epidermis. Dermal blood vessels supply nutrients to all skin cells. Contains projections called dermal papillae (fingerprints) Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) areolar and adipose connective tissue Sweat (sudiferous) glands widespread in skin, originate in deeper dermis as ball-shaped coils Eccrine most numerous, consist of water, some salts, wastes. Respond to elevated body temperature, open to body surface through pores Apocrine found in axillary and groin area; open into hair follicles and respond to emotions/pain Specialized sweat glands ceruminous glands (ear wax) and mammary glands (milk) bone functions support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
Hematopoiesis blood cell formation; occurs in red bone marrow epiphyseal plate bone grows in length Osteocytes mature bone cells Osteoclasts CRUSH, or break down calcified matrix Osteoblasts BUILD, replace cartilage with bone marrow Atlas C1, supports head; articulates with occipital condyles Axis C2, pivots around the dens of axis types of muscle tissue cardiac, smooth, skeletal fascia thin covering of connective tissue around a muscle Epimysium
