Download BIO 250 - Lecture Exam 3: Questions and Answers on Immunology and Endocrinology and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO 250- Lecture Exam 3 with
Questions and Answers.
A state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious
diseases is compromised or entirely absent - ✔✔What are immunodeficiencies?
Delayed hypersensitivity
Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity - ✔✔What are the types of allergies?
Foreign antigens may resemble self-antigens
New self-antigens may appear, generated by gene mutations -
✔✔What causes autoimmune diseases?
Form by budding off from veins - ✔✔Describe the origin of the lymphatic vessels
Efficiency of immune response wanes in old age, and infections, cancer, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmune diseases become
more prevalent - ✔✔Describe the effects of aging on immunity.
Swelling and puffiness due to fluid accumulation - ✔✔What is edema?
Can result from inadequate fluid recovery from the tissues -
✔✔What causes edema?
They share the same purpose; internal communication. Some chemicals act as both hormones and neurotransmitters, and the two
systems regulate each other - ✔✔Distinguish between the nervous and endocrine systems.
"to arouse", long distance; travel in blood or lymph. Chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands/tissues into the
blood. - ✔✔What is a hormone?
organs/cells with specific receptors - ✔✔What is a target organ?
Hormonal, humoral, neural - ✔✔Explain how various endocrine glands are stimulated to release their hormonal products. (3 types of stimuli)
One endocrine organ stimulates another organ - ✔✔What is a hormonal stimulus?
Blood concentrations stimulate secretion - ✔✔What is a humoral stimulus?
Nervous system can stimulate secretion in some organs - ✔✔What is a neural stimulus?
!!!!! - ✔✔Be able to identify the major endocrine glands and tissues
Vasopressin- stimulates water retention, raises blood pressure
Oxytocin- uterine contractions, lactation - ✔✔What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones
- Growth hormone- regulates growth, metabolism and body composition
- Luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone- act on the ovaries or testes to stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity
- Prolactin- stimulates milk production
- Thyroid stimulating hormone- stimulates the thyroid gland to
secrete thyroid hormones - ✔✔What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?
Produces several releasing and inhibiting hormones that act on the pituitary gland, stimulating the release of pituitary hormones. -
✔✔What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Helps you sleep - ✔✔What does the pineal gland do?
Makes thyroid hormone and calcitonin - ✔✔What is the function of the thyroid gland?
- Major metabolic hormone
- Increases metabolic rate and heat production (calorigenic effect)
- Regulation of tissue growth and development
- Maintenance of blood pressure - ✔✔What is the thyroid hormone?
- Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium deposition on bone
- Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
- Produced by parafollicular cells found between the follicles -
✔✔What is the function of calcitonin in the thyroid gland?
Controls blood calcium levels - ✔✔What is the function of the parathyroid glands?
- Goal: more Ca2+ in the blood
- Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release Ca2+
- Enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ by kidneys
Testes- male, produce sperm; also produce androgens, such as
testosterone - ✔✔What are the gonads?
The anterior pituitary gland - ✔✔What is the origin organ of growth hormone?
Almost all tissues; resulting in bone and muscle growth - ✔✔What is the target organ of growth hormone?
The posterior pituitary gland - ✔✔What is the origin organ of antidiuretic hormone?
The kidneys - ✔✔What is the target organ of antidiuretic hormone?
Produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland - ✔✔What is the origin organ of the thyroid hormones?
Most tissues - ✔✔What is the target organ of the thyroid hormones?
The parathyroids - ✔✔What is the origin organ of parathyroid hormone?
Bone, kidneys, intestine - ✔✔What is the target organ of parathyroid hormone?
The adrenal glands make large amounts of catecholamines as a
reaction to stress - ✔✔What is the origin organ of the catecholamines?
The primary function of catecholamines is to help the body respond to stress or fright and prepare the body for "fight-or-flight" reactions
- ✔✔What is the target organ of the catecholamines?
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
Dopamine - ✔✔What are the main catecholamines?
Synthesized from cholesterol within the adrenal cortex - ✔✔What is the origin organ of the corticosteroids?
Once released from the adrenal glands into the blood circulation, they access target tissues to regulate many processes, including metabolism, immune function, skeletal growth, cardiovascular
function, reproduction, and cognition. - ✔✔What is the target organ of the corticosteroids?
Hypothalamus - ✔✔What is the origin organ of releasing and inhibiting hormones?
Pituitary gland - ✔✔What is the target organ of releasing and inhibiting hormones?
Acts on most cells in the body prolonging and intensifying the
sympathetic nervous system response to stress - ✔✔What is the target organ of nor adrenaline
(nor epinephrine)?
Adrenal cortex - ✔✔What is the origin organ of aldosterone?
Kidneys - ✔✔What is the target organ of aldosterone?
Adrenal cortex - ✔✔What is the origin organ of cortisol?
Most cells in the body - ✔✔What is the target organ of cortisol?
Pancreas - ✔✔What is the origin organ of insulin?
All cells in the body - ✔✔What is the target organ of insulin?
Pancreas - ✔✔What is the origin organ of glucagon?
All cells in the body - ✔✔What is the target organ of glucagon?
Kidneys - ✔✔What is the origin organ of renin?
Adrenal cortex - ✔✔What is the target organ of renin?
Hormone releasing and inhibiting by the hypothalamus - ✔✔Discuss ways in which hormones promote body homeostasis by giving examples of hormonal actions.
Too much hormone is produced - ✔✔What is hypersecretion?
Too little hormone is produced - ✔✔What is hyposecretion?
A normal amount of hormone is produced but the body doesn't react
normally to it - ✔✔What is inaction?
In children results in gigantism
In adults results in acromegaly - ✔✔What are consequences of hypersecretion?
In children results in pituitary dwarfism - ✔✔What are consequences of hyposecretion?
The hypothalamus links the nervous and endocrine systems by way of the pituitary gland. Its function is to secrete releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones that stimulate or inhibit (like their names imply) production of hormones in the anterior pituitary -
✔✔Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
sloughed off in menses until the third month of pregnancy and then the placenta takes over the role of producing the hormones and the ovaries become inactive for the rest of the pregnancy
- Also helps prepare the breasts for producing milk - human placental lactogen (hPL) - works with estrogen and progesterone in preparing the breasts for lactation
- Produces relaxin - causes the mother's pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax and become more flexible, which eases birth
passage - ✔✔What is the endocrine role of the placenta?
Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries
Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common
Growth hormone production declines with age
Many endocrine glands decrease output with age - ✔✔Describe the effect of aging on the endocrine system and body homeostasis.
Transport
Protection
Regulation - ✔✔What is the brief overall function of blood?
Blood is a liquid connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements
55% is plasma
<1% is leukocytes and platelets
45% is erythrocytes - ✔✔What is the composition and volume of whole blood?
Water makes up 90% of plasma volume- solvent for carrying substances and absorbing heat
Salts (electrolytes) and plasma proteins- maintain osmotic balance, pH buffering, regulation of membrane permeability
Nutrients, waste products of metabolism, and hormones are also
substances transported by blood - ✔✔Describe the composition of plasma, including specific blood protein types.
Carries water, salts and enzymes. Main role to take nutrients, hormones, and proteins to the parts of the body that need it. Cells also put their waste products into plasma, then it helps remove
waste from the body. - ✔✔What is the importance of plasma in the body?
Albumin, fibrinogen, globulins - ✔✔What are the plasma proteins?
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils - ✔✔What are the WBCs from most to least abundant?
NEVER- neutrophils
LET- lymphocytes
MONKEYS- monocytes
EAT- eosinophils
BANANAS- basophils - ✔✔How can you remember the types of WBCs from most to least abundant?
Bacteria slayers
50-75% of WBCs; multi-lobed nucleus, pale red and blue cytoplasmic
granules - ✔✔What is the function of neutrophils?
Important for the immune system
25% of WBCs, associated with lymphoid tissues: spleen, lymph nodes; large spherical nucleus, thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm -
✔✔What is the function of lymphocytes?
Become macrophages
3-8% of WBCs; kidney-shaped nucleus, abundant pale blue cytoplasm
- ✔✔What is the function of monocytes?
Attack parasitic worms
2-4% of WBCs, granules filled with digestive enzymes; bilobed
nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules - ✔✔What is the function of eosinophils?
Release histamine
0.5-1% of WBCs, Histamine: vasodilator, attracts other WBCs;
bilobed nucleus, purplish-black cytoplasmic granules - ✔✔What is the function of basophils?
Neutrophil - ✔✔What type of WBC is this cell?
Eosinophil - ✔✔What type of WBC is this cell?
Basophil - ✔✔What type of WBC is this cell?
Lymphocyte - ✔✔What type of WBC is this cell?
Monocyte - ✔✔What type of WBC is this cell?
"Eat invaders"
A type of WBC that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. -
✔✔What are macrophages?
A high ratio of RBCs
Hematocrit- as high as 80% RBCs - ✔✔What is polycythemia?
Often caused by being overweight, smoking, drinking too much
alcohol or taking certain medicines - ✔✔What causes polycythemia?
An inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body. Normally, the flexible, round red blood cells move easily through blood vessels. In sickle cell anemia, the red blood are shaped like
sickles or crescent moons. - ✔✔What is sickle cell anemia?
Caused by a mutation in the gene that tells your body to make
hemoglobin - ✔✔What causes sickle cell anemia?
Give rise to erythroblasts, which differentiate into reticulocytes, and
then fully mature into erythrocytes. - ✔✔What are hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)?
- Injury- First phase of the blood clotting process is injury, when a blood vessel becomes damaged
- Blood vessel constriction- This limits blood flow to the injured area
- Platelet plug- The body activates platelets, chemical signals are released from the platelets to attract other cells to the area
- Fibrin clot- The clotting factor proteins stimulate the production of fibrin, which is a strong and strand-like substance that forms a fibrin clot. For days or weeks, this fibrin clot strengthens and then dissolves
when the injured blood vessel walls close and heal. - ✔✔Describe the blood-clotting process.
(coagulation) is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets and proteins in your plasma work together to stop the bleeding by forming a clot
over the injury. - ✔✔What is blood-clotting?
Undesirable clotting: A clot can develop in an unbroken blood vessel and is called a thrombus.
Bleeding disorders: caused by a platelet deficiency and deficits of some of the clotting factors, can be caused from an impaired liver or
certain genetic conditions. - ✔✔Name some factors that may inhibit or enhance the blood-clotting process.
The ABO blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A and type B, a person inherits. Absence of both antigens results in type O blood.
Presence of either A or B antigen yields type A or B blood.
