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A comprehensive set of questions and answers for the bio 253 final exam, covering key concepts in human anatomy and physiology. It delves into topics such as blood composition, blood clotting mechanisms, heart structure and function, respiratory system anatomy and physiology, and more. Well-organized and presents information in a clear and concise manner, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for their final exam.
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agranulocytes *no noticeable granules *lymphocytes *monocytes neutrophil characteristics *granulocyte *most abundant *fights bacterial infections *strong phagocytes *light purple eosinophil characteristics *granulocyte *defend in parasitic worm infestation and allergic reactions *stained deep red
*bi-lobed nucleus basophils characteristics *granulocyte *stains deep blue *Nucleus not visible *release histamine to stimulate inflammation *release heparin to top blood from clotting lymphocytes characteristics *agranulocytes *antibody production to protect from infection *spherical nucleus monocytes characteristics *largest *kidney-shaped nucleus *agranulocytes *find and destroy germs and eliminate infected cells
what blood type is the universal donor? O what blood type is the universal recipient? AB blood type A produces what antibodies? anti-B antibodies blood type B produces what antibodies? anti-A antibodies blood type AB produces what antibodies? neither anti-A or anti-B blood type O produces what antibodies? both anti-A and anti-B
blood type A can receive what kind of blood? A or O blood type B can receive what kind of blood? B or O blood type AB can receive what kind of blood? A, B, O what are the plasma proteins? *albumins *globulins *fibrinogen what 3 layers make up of a blood vessel? *tunica externa (made of fibrous connective tissue) *tunica medial (made of smooth muscles) *tunica internal (contains endothelial cells)
*secretes serous fluid what is the function of the myocardium? contracts to pump blood from the heart chambers what is the function of the endocardium? forms a protective inner lining of the chambers and valves what 4 chambers does the heart have? *2 atria *2 ventricles right atrium function receives blood returning from systemic circuit; pumps blood to right ventricle right ventricle function receives blood from the right atrium; pumps blood to lungs
left atrium function receives blood from the pulmonary veins; pumps blood to left ventricle left ventricle function receives blood from the left atrium; pumps blood to systemic circuit tricuspid valve function prevents blood from moving from the right ventricle into the right atrium during ventricular contraction pulmonary valve function prevents blood from moving from pulmonary trunk into right ventricle during ventricular relaxation mitral valve function prevents blood from moving from left ventricle into left atrium during ventricular contraction aortic valve function prevents blood from moving from aorta into left ventricle during ventricular relaxation
what are formed elements blood cells (WBC and RBC) and platelets what are the major components of blood? *55% is plasma (electrolytes, water, proteins) *45% is RBC *WBC and platelets are <1% what is needed for clotting *vitamin K *fibrin *platelets *calcium ions RBC characteristics *aka erythrocytes *biconcave disc shape *1/3 hemoglobin *lack nuclei and mitochondria *can't divide
High count of RBC can infer what is happening? infection low count of RBC can infer what? anemia-> a condition in which the O2-carryinc capacity of the blood is reduced, due to deficiency of RBC or hemoglobin anemia lack of a normal number of red blood cells which vitamins are necessary for RBC production? *vitamin B *iron *hemoglobin granulocytes *granular cytoplasm and has short life span *neutrophils *eosinophils
what does the interventricular septum do? separates the right and left ventricles what affects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart? *increases HR *increases BP what is the blood flow through the heart right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonic valve--> lungs--> left atrium--> mitral valve--> left ventricle--> aortic valve--> aorta what is the flow of the cardiac conduction system? SA node--> atrial syncytium--> junctional fibers--> AV node -->AV bundle--> bundle branches--> purkinje fibers--> ventricular syncytium diffusion lipid-soluble substances diffuse through cell membrane; water-soluble substances diffuse through membrane channels and slits
filtration *hydrostatic pressure forces molecules through membrane *pressure is derived from ventricular contraction osmosis *presence of impermeant solute, such as plasma proteins, inside capillaries creates osmotic pressure *osmotic pressure draws water into capillaries, opposing filtration what is the function of a artery? carries blood under relatively high pressure from the heart to the arterioles what is the function of arterioles? *connects arteries to capillaries *helps control the blood flow into a capillary by vasoconstricting or vasodilating what is the function of a capillary? allows nutrients, gases and wastes to be exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid
what is the function of the larynx? *protects opening to trachea, lower tract and contains vocal cords *glottis and epiglottis **thyroid cartilage is part of the larynx what is the glottis? space between the vocal folds, opening to the larynx what is the epiglottis? a flap that flips down to cover the entry to the trachea during swallowing what is the difference between the true and false vocal cords? *true-> vocal sounds *false-> no sound production what is the function of the trachea (windpipe)? this is the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs
what kind of cells is the trachea made of? pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells what is the function of the alveoli? *site for gas exchange what kind of cells are the alveoli made up of? simple squamous epithelium cells how many lobes is the right lung made of? 3 how many lobes is the left lung made of? 2 what are pharyngeal tonsils? adenoids
volume that remains in lungs at all times what is the formula for calculating vital capacity? vital capacity = TV + IRV + ERV what happens to the hemoglobin when carbon dioxide levels increase the amount of oxygen released? hemoglobin will increase what happens to the respiratory rate when carbon dioxide levels are high? respiratory rate increases what are goblet cells? *cells that secrete mucus *goblet cells interspersed throughout the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium produce mucus what happens during pulmonary gas exchange? oxygen moves from the inhaled air into your bloodstream, while carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from your blood into the lungs and is exhaled
