Bio 264 Review notes Module 1, 2, and 3
for Exam 1 Rated A+
epi ✔✔upon or above
iso ✔✔equal
macro ✔✔large
sub ✔✔below/under
ab ✔✔away from
ad ✔✔toward or adjacent to
arthr ✔✔joint
carcin ✔✔cancer
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Bio 264 Review Notes for Exam 1: Modules 1, 2, and 3, Exams of Anatomy
A comprehensive review of key concepts covered in bio 264 modules 1, 2, and 3, designed to prepare students for exam 1. It includes definitions of important terms, explanations of biological processes, and examples to illustrate key concepts. Particularly useful for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of fundamental biological principles.
Typology: Exams
2024/2025
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Bio 264 Review notes Module 1, 2, and 3
for Exam 1 Rated A+
epi ✔✔upon or above
iso ✔✔equal
macro ✔✔large
sub ✔✔below/under
ab ✔✔away from
ad ✔✔toward or adjacent to
arthr ✔✔joint
carcin ✔✔cancer
cardio ✔✔heart
cephal ✔✔head
cerebro ✔✔brain
chondro ✔✔cartilage
derm ✔✔skin
hepat ✔✔liver
hist ✔✔tissue
hyper ✔✔in excess
superficial ✔✔deep
medial ✔✔lateral
proximal ✔✔distal
superior ✔✔inferior
anterior ✔✔posterior
algia ✔✔pain
blast ✔✔bud
clast ✔✔breaking or tearing down
cyte ✔✔cell
genesis ✔✔origin/production
-it -is ✔✔inflammation
logy ✔✔study of
lysis ✔✔breakdown/decompose
coronal ✔✔divides dorsal and ventral parts
sagittal ✔✔divides body into left and right
transverse ✔✔divides body horizontally/superior and inferior
homeostasis ✔✔maintains a stable internal environment
receptor ✔✔organ or cell that responses to stimulus and transmits a signal
effector ✔✔organ or cell that responses to stimulus
negative feedback loop ✔✔reaction that brings body back to "normal" or set point
positive feedback loop ✔✔reaction that changes the to a new set point, ie pregnancy
homeostatic imbalance ✔✔occurs when negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed
Negative feedback loop order of events ✔✔1. Receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure
- An afferent (arriving) pathway is utilized
- Control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood pressure set point
- An efferent (exiting) pathway is utilized
- The heart beats faster
- Blood pressure increases
matter ✔✔Anything that occupies space and has mass
element ✔✔substances that cannot be broken down into simpler materials by chemical properties of that element
atomic mass number ✔✔total of protons and neutrons
number of protons ✔✔same as atomic number
number of neutrons ✔✔mass number - atomic number
atomic number ✔✔number of protons
mole = ✔✔AMU
electron shell ✔✔1st shell = 2
2nd shell = 8
3rd shell = 8
covalent bond ✔✔bond that shares electrons between atoms
hydrogen bond ✔✔weak bond between hydrogen and another element
increase temperature in hydrogen bonds ✔✔increases the chance of breaking the bonds in water
polar ✔✔type of bond for Water
properties of hydrogen bonds in water ✔✔surface tension
adhesion
cohesion
water dissolves crystal ions ✔✔positive ends toward te anions and the negative ends toward the cations
water dissolves fat ✔✔fats are hydrophobic, they don't dissolve in water
hydrogen bonds ✔✔type of bond between two separate water molecules
polar covalent bonds ✔✔type of bond between the H and O in a single water molecule
electrolytes ✔✔dissociated ions that can donduct electricity
6.02 X 10^23 ✔✔numerical value of a mole
mole of element ✔✔equal to it's atomic mass number in grams
174g ✔✔If the molecular mass of Sodium Chloride is 58 AMU, then how many grams of NcCl would be equal to 3 Moles of NaCl?
2 osmolar (1 mole X 2 particles) ✔✔If the molecular mass of CaCl is 58 AMU, and if 1 mole of NcCl dissolved in water to make 1 L of solution, what is the osmolarity?
7.35 -7.45 ✔✔Normal pH in our bodies
H+ ion ✔✔same as a proton
monosaccharide ✔✔single sugar molecule
examples of monosaccharides ✔✔glucose, fructose and galactose
disaccharide ✔✔two sugar molecules linked together
examples of disaccharides ✔✔maltose, sucrose
polysaccharide ✔✔more than 3 sugars linked together
examples of polysaccharides ✔✔glycogen (animals/humans) cellulose (plants) and starch (plants)
Ring of 5 or 6 carbons ✔✔structure of carbohydrates
dehydration reactions ✔✔how carbohydrates are linked together
CH2O ✔✔general formula for monosaccharide
structure of saturated fat ✔✔string of carbon and hydrogens with all single bonds
structure of an unsaturated fat ✔✔string of carbon and hydrogens with at least one double bond
structure of triglycerides ✔✔glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails
structure of a fatty acid ✔✔string of carbon and hydrogens with a carboxyl group on the end
trans fat ✔✔artificially hydrogenated fats (hydrogenated oils, margarine, etc)
lipids in body ✔✔cholesterol, steroids and phopholipids
Cholesterol transporters ✔✔HDL and LDLs
unsaturated fat ✔✔liquid at room temperature
essential amino acid ✔✔can't make on our own, must be digested from our food
structure of amino acid ✔✔Amino group (NH2), side chain (R group), carboxyl group (C=O and -OH) and H. All four surround one Carbon
examples of proteins ✔✔globular proteins, enzymes, immunoglobulins, keratin, collagen, channels in cell membrane
sequence of amino acids ✔✔primary structure of a protein
Covalent and peptide bonds ✔✔bond from primary structure of protein
secondary structure of protein ✔✔alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
2nd structure of protein bond ✔✔hydrogen bond
tertiary structure of protein ✔✔folding of the polypeptide chain
bond responsible for tertiary structure ✔✔various bonds between R groups
quaternary structure ✔✔proteins with more than one chain
bonds of quarternary structure ✔✔various bonds between R groups
peptide bond ✔✔Bond that holds amino acids together to make proteins
hydrogen bonds (protein) ✔✔bond responsible for secondary structure of protein
covalent bonds ✔✔bond that is a peptide bond that does the primary structure of proteins; HOLDS carbon and hydrogen together in carbohydrates and lipids