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Bio 264 Review Notes for Exam 1: Modules 1, 2, and 3, Exams of Anatomy

A comprehensive review of key concepts covered in bio 264 modules 1, 2, and 3, designed to prepare students for exam 1. It includes definitions of important terms, explanations of biological processes, and examples to illustrate key concepts. Particularly useful for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of fundamental biological principles.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 11/10/2024

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Bio 264 Review notes Module 1, 2, and 3
for Exam 1 Rated A+
epi ✔✔upon or above
iso ✔✔equal
macro ✔✔large
sub ✔✔below/under
ab ✔✔away from
ad ✔✔toward or adjacent to
arthr ✔✔joint
carcin ✔✔cancer
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff

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Download Bio 264 Review Notes for Exam 1: Modules 1, 2, and 3 and more Exams Anatomy in PDF only on Docsity!

Bio 264 Review notes Module 1, 2, and 3

for Exam 1 Rated A+

epi ✔✔upon or above

iso ✔✔equal

macro ✔✔large

sub ✔✔below/under

ab ✔✔away from

ad ✔✔toward or adjacent to

arthr ✔✔joint

carcin ✔✔cancer

cardio ✔✔heart

cephal ✔✔head

cerebro ✔✔brain

chondro ✔✔cartilage

derm ✔✔skin

hepat ✔✔liver

hist ✔✔tissue

hyper ✔✔in excess

superficial ✔✔deep

medial ✔✔lateral

proximal ✔✔distal

superior ✔✔inferior

anterior ✔✔posterior

algia ✔✔pain

blast ✔✔bud

clast ✔✔breaking or tearing down

cyte ✔✔cell

genesis ✔✔origin/production

-it -is ✔✔inflammation

logy ✔✔study of

lysis ✔✔breakdown/decompose

coronal ✔✔divides dorsal and ventral parts

sagittal ✔✔divides body into left and right

transverse ✔✔divides body horizontally/superior and inferior

homeostasis ✔✔maintains a stable internal environment

receptor ✔✔organ or cell that responses to stimulus and transmits a signal

effector ✔✔organ or cell that responses to stimulus

negative feedback loop ✔✔reaction that brings body back to "normal" or set point

positive feedback loop ✔✔reaction that changes the to a new set point, ie pregnancy

homeostatic imbalance ✔✔occurs when negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed

Negative feedback loop order of events ✔✔1. Receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure

  1. An afferent (arriving) pathway is utilized
  2. Control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood pressure set point
  3. An efferent (exiting) pathway is utilized
  4. The heart beats faster
  5. Blood pressure increases

matter ✔✔Anything that occupies space and has mass

element ✔✔substances that cannot be broken down into simpler materials by chemical properties of that element

atomic mass number ✔✔total of protons and neutrons

number of protons ✔✔same as atomic number

number of neutrons ✔✔mass number - atomic number

atomic number ✔✔number of protons

mole = ✔✔AMU

electron shell ✔✔1st shell = 2

2nd shell = 8

3rd shell = 8

covalent bond ✔✔bond that shares electrons between atoms

hydrogen bond ✔✔weak bond between hydrogen and another element

increase temperature in hydrogen bonds ✔✔increases the chance of breaking the bonds in water

polar ✔✔type of bond for Water

properties of hydrogen bonds in water ✔✔surface tension

adhesion

cohesion

water dissolves crystal ions ✔✔positive ends toward te anions and the negative ends toward the cations

water dissolves fat ✔✔fats are hydrophobic, they don't dissolve in water

hydrogen bonds ✔✔type of bond between two separate water molecules

polar covalent bonds ✔✔type of bond between the H and O in a single water molecule

electrolytes ✔✔dissociated ions that can donduct electricity

6.02 X 10^23 ✔✔numerical value of a mole

mole of element ✔✔equal to it's atomic mass number in grams

174g ✔✔If the molecular mass of Sodium Chloride is 58 AMU, then how many grams of NcCl would be equal to 3 Moles of NaCl?

2 osmolar (1 mole X 2 particles) ✔✔If the molecular mass of CaCl is 58 AMU, and if 1 mole of NcCl dissolved in water to make 1 L of solution, what is the osmolarity?

7.35 -7.45 ✔✔Normal pH in our bodies

H+ ion ✔✔same as a proton

monosaccharide ✔✔single sugar molecule

examples of monosaccharides ✔✔glucose, fructose and galactose

disaccharide ✔✔two sugar molecules linked together

examples of disaccharides ✔✔maltose, sucrose

polysaccharide ✔✔more than 3 sugars linked together

examples of polysaccharides ✔✔glycogen (animals/humans) cellulose (plants) and starch (plants)

Ring of 5 or 6 carbons ✔✔structure of carbohydrates

dehydration reactions ✔✔how carbohydrates are linked together

CH2O ✔✔general formula for monosaccharide

structure of saturated fat ✔✔string of carbon and hydrogens with all single bonds

structure of an unsaturated fat ✔✔string of carbon and hydrogens with at least one double bond

structure of triglycerides ✔✔glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails

structure of a fatty acid ✔✔string of carbon and hydrogens with a carboxyl group on the end

trans fat ✔✔artificially hydrogenated fats (hydrogenated oils, margarine, etc)

lipids in body ✔✔cholesterol, steroids and phopholipids

Cholesterol transporters ✔✔HDL and LDLs

unsaturated fat ✔✔liquid at room temperature

essential amino acid ✔✔can't make on our own, must be digested from our food

structure of amino acid ✔✔Amino group (NH2), side chain (R group), carboxyl group (C=O and -OH) and H. All four surround one Carbon

examples of proteins ✔✔globular proteins, enzymes, immunoglobulins, keratin, collagen, channels in cell membrane

sequence of amino acids ✔✔primary structure of a protein

Covalent and peptide bonds ✔✔bond from primary structure of protein

secondary structure of protein ✔✔alpha helix or beta pleated sheet

2nd structure of protein bond ✔✔hydrogen bond

tertiary structure of protein ✔✔folding of the polypeptide chain

bond responsible for tertiary structure ✔✔various bonds between R groups

quaternary structure ✔✔proteins with more than one chain

bonds of quarternary structure ✔✔various bonds between R groups

peptide bond ✔✔Bond that holds amino acids together to make proteins

hydrogen bonds (protein) ✔✔bond responsible for secondary structure of protein

covalent bonds ✔✔bond that is a peptide bond that does the primary structure of proteins; HOLDS carbon and hydrogen together in carbohydrates and lipids