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BIO 322 MIDTERM EXAM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM |
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George, a 34-year-old male, presents with melena and persisting epigastric pain. He is a smoker and a weekend binge drinker after his tackle football games with his buddies. He has a nagging low pain that he manages with OTC anti-inflammatories before and after each game, for the past few 'seasons'. On a side note, he is happy that he has lost 10 pounds this season which has helped him score 2 touchdowns. A breath test is negative for H. Pylori infection. What is the probable cause of George's symptoms? A. Appendicitis B. Peptic Ulcer C. Liver cirrhosis D. Pancreatitis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A Hemophilia is typically found in males and they have a difficult time clotting. What is the problem that causes the decreased clotting? A. the clotting factors are used up too quickly which causes hemorrhaging B. the above statement is false, Hemophilia is typically found in females C. Missing a specific clotting factor D. Insufficient platelets ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B The condition shown in Image 2 would most likely be found in a person with what connective tissue disorder? A. Abdominal aortic aneurysm B. Hypotension C. Atherosclerosis D. Marfan's Syndrome ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C
A previously healthy 42-year-old woman experiences 'the worst headache of my life' and loses consciousness within an hour. An emergent head CT scan reveals extensive acute subarachnoid hemorrhage at the bas of the brain. She is afebrile. A lumbar puncture yields cerebrospinal fluid with many red blood cells, but no white blood cells therefore it is determined no infection in present. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Ruptured berry aneurysm B. Abdominal aortic aneurysm C. Acute bacterial meningitis D. Normal pressure hydrocephalus ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --D In DIC, hemorrhaging occurs after intravascular clotting because of: A. clotting factor depletion B. thrombin sensitivity C. Injection of the missing clotting factor D. tissue factor not active ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A Macrocytic anemia is associated with which of the following? A. Pernicious anemia B. Vitamin B12 deficiency C. Fe deficiency D. Both A and B E. None of the above ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Lab results for a 19-year-old female show decreased RBC, Hb, Hct, ferritin, serum Fe, and increased total iron binding capacity. Which of the following clinical manifestations is associated with the correct diagnosis? A. Jaundice and hyperbilirubinemia B. Ascites and portal hypertension C. Pallor, fatigue, tachycardia D. Parasthesia of feet and fingers ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- D
What is the function of parietal cells in the stomach? A. They secrete HCI and intrinsic factor B. They produce pepsin C. They produce Pepsinogen D. They secrete Gastrin ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A An obese 49-year-old male presents with persistent 'heartburn' causing chest pain, over the years and it is usually worse at night. He has been coughing with a sire throat and dysphagia. Which of the following would be the least beneficial for this patient's condition? A. Laproscopy B. Less fatty foods C. H2 blockers D. Proton pump inhibitors (PPI's) ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- A Mr and Mrs. Adams are concerned because their 6-month-old boy, Neil, has not grown much since his birth and he has a constant cough with severe congestion, and he has had constant oily stools in his diaper. A sweat chloride test was in excess of 60 mEq/L and a generic test shows a problem with Chromosome 7. Statistically, what is his approximate life expectancy? A. 10 years B. 40 years C. 2 years D. 20 years ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A A 38-year-old male presents to the emergency room with fever and a productive cough with copious sputum. Medical history reveals that he is a recent immigrant with significant weight loss, and chest x-rays shows small
spots in the periphery of his right lung. Sputum culture is positive for a mycobacterium. A culture of his lung lesions will show: A. Liquefactive necrosis B. Casous necrosis C. Gangrenous necrosis D. Coagulative necrosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B When chronic and progressive heartburn leads to a metaplastic change from the normal squamous esophageal epithelium to a specialized intestinal-type columnar mucosa and is considered a precursor lesion fro esophageal adenocarcinoma it is known as: A. GERD B. Odynophagia C. Barrett's esophagus D. Dysphagia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B Which if the following would result in non-pathological hormonal hyperplasia? A. A body builder who takes anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass. B. The thickening of the endometrium after fertilization and implantation C. A change in the cell size and shape of the cervix due to human papillomavirus (HPV) D. The reversible changing of normal columnar ciliated epithelium of the bronchial lining by stratified squamous epithelium. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B. Elissa is a 16 year old high school student who attempted to overdose on aspirin because Joey, the star quarterback, kissed Emily, who probably has mono anyway. You got the privilege of helping to pump Elissa's stomach and stick charcoal down her throat to dry up the aspirin. Arterial blood gases showed a metabolic acidosis. Lab showed Na 142 mEq/L (normal 142 - 145), K 3.4 mEq/L (3.5-5.0), Ca 8.9 mg/dl (8.8-10.5), Mg 1.8 mg/dl (1.8-3.0), Cl- 94 (95-105), HCO3- 20 (24-28 mEq/L, HPO4- 2.7 mg/L (2.5-
D. Hypertrophy ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D. A 41-year-old man has been drinking large quantities of water--up to 20 liters per day-- for the past week. On physical examination he has diminished skin turgor (a sign of moderate to severe dehydration) and dry mucous membranes. his serum levels osmolality is elevated at 343 mOsm/kg. Which of the following is true? A. He has SIADH and an excess of ADH B. He has Addison disease and a deficiency of ADH C. He has Addison disease and a deficiency of aldosterone D. He has diabetes insipidus and a deficiency of ADH ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D At mile 18 of a marathon an athlete began to experience muscle cramps and nausea. Thinking she was dehydrated she increased her water intake. She became disoriented and fell to the ground unconscious. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances is most likely causing her condition? A. Hyponatremia B. Hypernatremia C. Hypercalcemia D. Hypomagnesemia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A sodium is responsible for: A. ECF Osmotic balance B. ICF Osmotic balance C. Osmotic equilibrium ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A A 56-year-old female presents to her physician complaining of dizzieness, confusion, tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PaCO2 and slightly decreased HCO3. Which of following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation
B. Metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation C. respiratory acidosis with renal compensation D. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A An irreversible abnormal cellular adaptation characteristic in uterine cervical epithelium is: A. Hyperplasia B. Hypertrophy C. Dysplasia D. Metaplasia ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C Clark is a retired 42-year-old male living alone. He is admitted to the ER complaining of shortness of breath abd tingling in his fingers. His breathing s shallow and rapid. He denies diabetes; blood sugar is normal. There are no EKG changes. He has no significant respiratory or cardiac history. He takes several anti-anxiety medications. An ABG showed: pH=7.49, PaCO2=27(normal 35-45), HCO3=23(normal 22-28). What is the main contributor to the signs/symptoms described? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Metabolic alkalosis C. Respiratory acidosis D. Respiratory alkalosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D After acing your Pathophysiology class you decide to head to Jamaica for some rest and relaxation. While snorkeling, you see a shell about 15 feet under water that you absolutely must have for your collection. After a short time spent trying to dig it out from the rocks, you flash back to your BIO 483 class and realize that your body is heading toward: A. Respiratory Acidosis due to increased H in your blood B. Repsiratory acidosis due to Decreased CO2 in your blood C. Metabolic alkalosis due to blowing off too much CO D. Metabolic acidosis due to Increased H in your blood
A. increased vasopressin (ADH) secretion B. decreased sensitivity of collecting duct cells to vasopressin (ADH) C. increased plasma osmolarity D. increased insulin production ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A and C Which are true of a deficiency of intrinsic factor? It can cause..... A. pernicious anemia B. aplastic anemia C. low mean cell volume D. gastric atrophy E. lower than normal MCH ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------B,C, and D Which of the following matches the following description: Occurs in the heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands; results from ischemia and subsequent hypoxia; results in protein denaturation A. Liquefactive necrosis B. Coagulative necrosis C. Caseous necrosis D. Fat necrosis E. Gangrenous necrosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A Ingrid, a 35-year-old female with severe osteoarthritis, is taking big doses of aspirin (salicylates). To prevent mucosa gastric damage, she decided to ingest high doses of antacids. One day, she shows weakness, cramps, and confusion. You order ABG's that show an anion gap of 17. Which of the following do you specifically expect to find? A. Metabolic acidosis with high anion gap B. Compensated Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis with normal anion gap D. Metabolic alkalosis with high anion gap ---------CORRECT ANSWER----- ------------B
The "weakness" first appeared in Queen Victoria's family in her eighth child, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany. Throughout his short life, Leopold had suffered severe hemorrhages, and always was described as "very delicate". Leading the life of a normal child was impossible for Leopold because any cut or bump could lead to death and it was necessary to keep him always under strict surveillance. However, in spite of all the protection, Prince Leopold died at the age of thirty one as the result of a minor fall. Assuming that this is NOT Von Willebrand's, who is most likely to develop this similar fate? A. All of Leopold's children B. Leopold's daughters C. Leopold's sons D. Leopold's grandsons ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------A and D Which of the following is a common feature of all types of shock? A. Atherosclerosis B. Hypertension C. Increase in cardiac output D. Hypotension ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Mason is a 44-year-old male who presents with melena and persisting epigastric pain. Clinical history reveals that he is a smoker and a weekend binge drinker. Lab tests show slight leukocytosis, normal Amylase and Lipase enzymes, normal bilirubin, AST and ALT. Physical exam is negative for abdominal rebound tenderness and a breath test is positive for H. Pylori. What is the probable cause of Mason's symptoms? A. Pancreatitis B. Petic Ulcer C. Liver cirrhosis D. Appendicitis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D
related to her high-stress job. Upon visiting her doctor, she also complained of experiencing sharp pain when engaging in intercourse with her husband. A hormone trst was conducted, showing her FSH levels were abnormally high and an ultrasound scan showed small nodules lining her uterus. What is an accurate diagnosis for Ariel? A. endometriosis B. Fibroid cysts C. Ectopic pregnancy D. leiomyoma ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------C John is a 34-year old male that reported to Banner Health hospital with his life. His wife complains that over the past few weeks her husband has had difficulty communicating. He has been irritable with her because of his frustration with not being able to form complete sentences. She explains to the doctor he is difficult to understand at times, because of the use of fragmented words. From the following list, which would most likely NOT be part of his medical history? A. a tumor in the frontal/temporal/parietal lobe junction B. a stroke stemming from the middle cerebral artery C. a Beri-aneurysm D. syndrome of inappropriate ADH ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --A The type of necrosis found in severe brain pathologies is: A. liquefactive necrosis B. coagulative necrosis C. caseous necrosis D. gangrenous necrosis ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------D Pipetmans measure what amount of volume? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------1 ml (1000 ul)
What measurements of pipette we have? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------- ----------P2, P20, P200, P True/ False: There are only 3 places on the readout window of all pipet mans. Red places are decimals or commas. ---------CORRECT ANSWER--- --------------True True/ False: Hold pipet horizontally, insert the correct pipet tip to the shaft. Press firmly but not pound> ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- False: Hold it vertically Genomic DNA constitutes _________ of an organism. ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Total genetic information What is the genome of most of the organism? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------DNA , some viruses have RNA as their genomic material What are the genomic DNA material known as? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Chromosome Chromosomes are organized into? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- --DNA- protein complex Viral DNA genomes are...... ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Small and single stranded
What is the process of Lysing? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Breaking down of the DNA. What is the plus point of aseptic and sterile technique? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------protecting the DNA from contamination. What are some aseptic techniques? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------- ----- always start with sterile materials.
- always clean your work bench
- always wash your hands.
- Always use fresh pipette tip and change between every sample.
- Do not let your pipette touch anything.
- After getting a tip on the pipette, close tip box. Don't touch insides of any of your tube, keep tubes closed at all times. What you should label on your tube? ---------CORRECT ANSWER------------ -----Name, Date, and What is Inside. Why do you want to freeze an insect before extracting the DNA? --------- CORRECT ANSWER------------------ For preservation of DNA integrity
- Inactivation of enzymes Facilitation of tissue disruption
- Convenience and flexibility Why did we used CTL buffer? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It help in lysing process
Why did we used the Proteinase K? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---Because it breakdown the protein. Why do we vortex? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------To mix things why is chloroform:isoamyl ratio is important? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------It purified the DNA by separating DNA from cellular components, denaturing proteins, inactivating nucleases, and removing contaminants. Why do we centrifuge the material? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ---We centrifuge the material for the separation, concentrations and purification of biological and chemical samples. What measurement do we use to centrifuge? ---------CORRECT ANSWER- ----------------10,000 G (RCF) What is the function of BL buffer? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------
- For analysis of DNA.
- Sample preparation
- denaturation
- loading visualization of nucleic acid. What is the function of RNase A? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------------- Cleaves the RNA molecules
What primer we are using for our Wolbachia, and it is amplifying what type of Wolbachia? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------16S ribosomal subunit of Wolbachia. Our arthropod primers are specific for __________ gene. --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Cytochrome Oxidase 1 PCR ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Polymerase chain reaction Why it was invented? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Needed a way to make copies of a segment of DNA from a large, complex genome Who invented PCR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Kery Mullis How does PCR works? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-----------------It is the technique that uses primers to amplify a region of a genome. What are the two regions of a strand? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- ------Coding region and Non-coding region What are the general uses of PCR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER-------------- ----Determine Size
- Nucleotide Sequence
- DNA fingerprinting
- Gene discovery, identification What are some specific uses of PCR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER----------- -------Forensic analysis
- DNA fingerprinting
- Amplification of gene of interest for further assays
- Disease detection (Cancer and AIDS)
- Detection of mutations What are the components of PCR? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------------- ---Template DNA
- Taq polymerase
- Nucleotide (A,C,G,T)
- Primers
- Buffer
- Magnesium
- Water --> this is known as the master mix In PCR reaction what DNA polymerase enzyme was used? --------- CORRECT ANSWER-----------------Taq DNA polymerase What is the function of Taq DNA polymerase ---------CORRECT ANSWER-- ---------------Amplifies the DNA in PCR What is primer and what is its function? ---------CORRECT ANSWER--------- ---------it is a single stranded synthetic sequence of nucleotides
- "Flag" the beginning and end of the region of the DNA that will be amplified
