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Comprehensive Exam on Evolutionary Biology and Animal Behavior, Exams of Biology

A comprehensive overview of key concepts in biology, focusing on evolution and behavior. It covers topics such as typological thinking, species concepts, variability, inheritance of acquired characteristics, cultural evolution, natural selection, and sexual selection. Additionally, it delves into ethology, ethograms, sign stimuli, imprinting, and the contributions of prominent scientists like darwin, wallace, and tinbergen. The document also explores levels of analysis, heritability, sociobiology, comparative psychology, kin selection, gene flow, group selection, selfishness, genetic drift, and fitness, providing a detailed examination of both proximate and ultimate explanations in biology. It is a valuable resource for students seeking to understand the fundamental principles of evolutionary biology and animal behavior. (405 characters)

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/03/2025

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1 || / || 38
BIO || 331 || Exam || 1 || Word || Bank || (Complete ||
comprehensive || exam) || with || precise || detailed ||
solutions
1. Typological || Thinking: || - || Central || to || Ancient || Greek || lifeviews.
-Organize || things || into || categories || based || on || basic || similarities
-fundamental || in || introducing || the || species || concept || and || categorization ||
of || behavior || to || science
-lacks || a || clear || appreciation || for || variation || of || individuals || in || wild || animals
2. Species || Concept: || - || Like || grouped || with || like
-based || on || shared || appearance || and || actions
-populations/ || species/ || clades/ || taxa
3. Variability:
4. Inheritance || of || acquired || characteristics: || Jean-Baptiste || de || Lamarck:
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1 || / || 38

BIO || 331 || Exam || 1 || Word || Bank || (Complete ||

comprehensive || exam) || with || precise || detailed ||

solutions

  1. Typological || Thinking: || - || Central || to || Ancient || Greek || lifeviews.
  • Organize || things || into || categories || based || on || basic || similarities
  • fundamental || in || introducing || the || species || concept || and || categorization || of || behavior || to || science
  • lacks || a || clear || appreciation || for || variation || of || individuals || in || wild || animals
  1. Species || Concept:|| - || Like || grouped || with || like
  • based || on || shared || appearance || and || actions
  • populations/ || species/ || clades/ || taxa
  1. Variability:
  2. Inheritance || of || acquired || characteristics: || Jean-Baptiste || de || Lamarck:

2 || / || 38

  • actions || and || changes || that || occur || over || the || lifetime || of || an || organism || are || passed || on || to || future || generations
  • mis-conception: || as || giraffes || stretch || their || necks || over || a || lifetime || to || get || food || higher || in || the || trees, || they || pass || on || such || a || within-lifetime || acquisition || to || their || kids -explains || human || cultural || selection
  1. Cultural || Evolution: || Some || traits || exist || because || individuals || transfer || them || directly || to || others, || and || they || have || no || relation || to || the || genetics || of || the || animals
  2. Natural || Selection:|| - || Charles || Darwin || and || Alfred || Wallace
  • acts || on || populations || of || individuals
  • evolutionary || changes || in || behavior || or || other || phenotypic || traits || are || inevitable || if:

4 || / || 38

  1. Heritability: || - || proportion || of || the|| total || variation || in || phenotypes || of || a || population/sam- || ple || that || arises || due || to || genetic || differences || among || individuals
  • || 0<H<
  • variation || that || is || not || due || to || heritability || is || due || to || environment
  • || H=V_g/(V_g || + || V_e)
  1. Ethology: || - || School || of || ethology || blossomed || into || 20th || century || alongside || compar- || ative || psy.
  • emphasis || on || animals || in || their || natural || surroundings
  • many|| behaviors || are || programmed || responses || of || animals|| to|| standard || environmental || conditions || (sign || stimulus) || -> || behaviors || are || instinctive
  1. Ethogram: || - || a || catalog || or || inventory || of || all || of || the || behaviors || an || animal || exhibits || in || its || natural || environment

5 || / || 38

  • set || of || predictable || tendencies || of || an || individual || or || species
  1. Sign || stimulus: || External || sensory || stimulus || or|| standard || environmental || conditions || that || trigger || a || fixed || action || pattern
  2. Imprinting: || offspring || will || treat || whatever || feeds || them || early || in || life || as || their || parent
  3. Fixed || Action || Pattern: || programmed || responses
  4. Niko || Tinbergen: || - || School || of || Ethology
  • contributed || invaluably || to || the || study || of || instinct || (1951)
  • 'four || central || questions|| we || can || ask || about || animal || behavior' || - || shared|| the|| 1973 || Nobel || Prize || in || Physiology || or || Medicine || with || Lorenz
  1. Karl || von || Frisch: || - || School || of || Ethology
  • demonstrated || the || ritualization || of || the || honey || bee || waggle || dance
  1. Charles || Darwin: || English || natural || scientist || who || formulated || a || theory

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  • Mechanism || (hormones, || neurons, || ecology)
  1. Development:|| - || Proximate
  • Ontogeny || (imprinting, || organization)
  1. Evolution: || - || Ultimate
  • History || (shared || ancestry)
  1. Function: || - || Ultimate
  • Current || Value || (survival, || reproduction)
  1. Heritability: || Ability || of || a || trait || to || be || passed || from || one || generation || to || the || next
  2. Sociobiology: || the || systematic || study || of || the || biological || basis || of || all || social || behavior
  3. Comparative|| psychology: || - || intricate || observations || of ||

8 || / || 38 captive/domesticated || an- || imals

  • development || of || experimental || procedures || in || animal || behavior
  1. Kin || selection: || Natural || selection || that || favors || altruistic || behaviors || by || enhancing || reproductive || success || of || relatives
  2. Gene || flow: || Movement || of || alleles || into || or || out || of || a || population || due || to || the || migration || of || individuals || to || or || from || the || population
  3. Group|| selection: || - || explains || the|| persistence || of || species || due || to|| individuals || within || that || species || evolving || specific || behaviors
  • groups || of || animals || (i.e., || species) || are || subconsciously || competing || to || survive,|| and|| in|| a|| world|| where|| resources|| are|| limited,|| individuals|| within ||the||group||should||adapt|| behaviors|| that|| lead|| to|| sustainable|| use|| of|| those || limited || resources
  • only || species || that || have || adapted || good || population-regulating ||

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  • Function/ || Evolution
  • Longer-term (Evolution || and || Function)
  1. Organizational || Effect: || the || influence || of || a || sex || hormone || on || the || development || of || brain || circuitry
  2. Activational || Effect: || a || temporary || change || in || behavior || resulting || from || the || admin- || istration || of || a || hormone || to || an || adult || animal
  3. Phylogeny/Phylogenetics: || Evolutionary || history || of || a || species || or || group, || espe- || cially || in || reference || to || lines || of || descent || and || relationships || among || broad || groups || of || organisms
  4. Clade: || A || group || of || species || that || includes || an || ancestral || species || and || all || its || descen- || dants.
  5. Parent-offspring || study: || - || correlational || study || design

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  • measure || of || traits || in || parents || and || their || offspring || and || compare || strength || of || the || relationship || between || them
  • presumption || that || a || heritable || behavioral || trait || (broad-sense || heritability) || will || show || a || strong|| positive|| correlation|| between|| parent|| and|| offspring.||A||weakly||heritable||trait||will||show||that||the||behavior||of||offspring || will || not || resemble || that || of || their || parents || at || all.
  • among || the || weakest || of || study || types || for || drawing || conclusions || about || trait || heritabil- || ity, || because || there || can || be || so || many || confounding, || non-genetic || factors || (including || learning/experience) || in || their || environment || that || lead || to || common || parent-offspring || behavioral || phenotypes.
  1. Sibling/twin || study: || - || correlational || study || design
  • Measuring || and || comparing || behaviors || of || brothers/sisters

13 || / || 38 environmental||stimuli,||with||the||prediction||that||their||only||way||to||'know' || to || respond || to || proper || stimuli || is || if || it || is || 'innate'

  • excellent || ability || to || isolate || degree || of || genetic || control
  1. Maternal || effect: || naturally || transmitted || non-genetic || molecules || from || mother || to || offspring || that || affect || offspring || development || and || phenotype
  2. Nature || versus || nurture: || A || debate|| surrounding || the|| relative || importance|| of || hered- || ity || (nature) || and || environment || (nurture) || in || determining || behavior
  3. Communication: || - || one || of || the|| most || basic || behavioral || interactions || that || can || occur || between || two || animals
  • exchange || of || information || between || two || parties, || which || leads || to || an || informed, || fit- || ness-enhancing || decision || and || response || (can || also ||

14 || / || 38 incur || fitness || costs)

  • encoded || into || messages || called || signals
  • sensory || experience || which || ultimately || directs || received || environmental || energy || (i.e. || signals) || to || the || brain || for || decoding || and || decisive || action
  1. Epigenetics:|| - || study || of || changes || in || organisms || caused || by || modification || of || gene || expression || rather || than || alteration || of || the || genetic || code || itself.
  • conditions || in || the|| environment || modify || genetic || elements || (e.g.|| histones,|| DNA|| methy- || lation), || not || the || DNA || sequence || per || se, || to || lead || to || a || phenotype
  1. Cross-fostering || study: || - || experimental || study || design
  • Removing || offspring || from || their || parents || and || having || them || raised|| by ||

16 || / || 38 signals || sent || by || senders, || and || use || them || to || their || advantage, || at || the || detriment || of || the || signal || sender

  1. Spite: || - || a || simple || exchange || of || information || that || harms || both || the || sender || and || receiver, || both || of || which || are || not || family || members || (Hamiltonian || spite)
  • third-party || observer || gains || a || benefit || by || observing || a || net|| harmful || interaction || between || a || sender || and || receiver || (Wilsonian || spite)
  1. Visual || Communication: || Form || of || communication || between || animals || using || their || bodies, || includes || various || forms || of || display
  2. Chemical || communication: || Communication || through || the || use || of || chemical || sig- || nals, || such || as || pheromones
  3. Auditory || communication: || Communication || that || involves || the || use || of || sound || in || conveying || a || message

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  1. Electrical || communication: || Electric || fish || communicate || by || generating || an || electric || field || that || a || second || individual || receives || with || its || electroreceptors
  2. Agonistic || signals: || Conflict || resolution
  3. Territorial || signals: || Territory || defense
  4. Sexual || signals: || Sexual || interactions
  5. Parent-offspring || signal:
  6. Social || integration || signals:
  7. Environmental || need || signals:
  8. Tactile/vibratory | | signals:
  9. Signal || sender:|| individual || who || is || transmitting || information
  10. Signal || receiver: || an || intended || recipient || of || information

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  1. Index || signal: || - || intrinsically || anchored || to || an || animal's || anatomy || or || physiology || by || physical || constraints
  • example: || frequency || of || vocalizations || in || frogs, || where || pitch || depth || is || constrained || by || the || mass || of || the || vocal || chords, || providing || a || reliable || indicator || of || size
  1. Handicap || principle: || - || Zahavi
  • theory || of || sexual || selection || that || argues || only || the || fittest || individuals || can || afford || costly || traits
  • sexual || signals || can || be || made || honest|| (signals|| that || benefit || both || sender || and || receiver) || because || they || are || differentially || costly || to || produce
  • females || can || then || benefit || from || this || transaction || by || choosing || males || that || have || traits || of || underlying || interest || to || them.
  • makes || predictions || about || the || information || contained

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  1. Differential || costs:
  2. Mutual || mate || choice: || When || males || and || females || of || a || species || both || choose || and || advertise/compete || for || their || partner, || due || to || high || investment || by || both || partners
  3. Male-male || competition: || Males || compete || with || one || another || to || attract || females
  4. Female-female || competition: || Females || compete || with || one || another || to || attract || males
  5. Sensory || bias: || development || of || a || trait || to || match || a || preexisting || preference || that || exists || in || the || population
  6. Unreliable || Signal || Hypothesis: || Any || one || signal || is || an || unreliable || indicator || of || quality || and || may || have || evolved || via || a || different || pathway || (i.e.|| runaway || selection; || see || Sexual || Selection || lecture), || but || the || signals || are ||