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BIO || 331 || Exam || 2 || with || accurate || detailed ||
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the || dilution || effect || - || Correct || answer || ✔Many || prey || animals || would || not || be || able || to || fend || off || their || predators || alone, || group-living || individuals, || through || their || safety || in || numbers List || the || common || forms || of || parental || care || in || animals || - || Correct || answer || ✔Behavioral || defense, || nutrient || provisioning, || environmental || regulation || (temperature, || oxygen, || water), || behavioral || transport, || chemical || defense, || teaching. Why || would || evolution || favor || parental || neglect? || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || Quality/quantity || tradeoff. || Never || behaviorally || attending || to || young || is || typically || associated || with || one || of || two || conditions: || (1) || a || species || that || produces || many || offspring || at || one || time, || and/or || (2) || a || species || with || prospects || for || many || lifetime || breeding || opportunities parental || care || - || Correct || answer || ✔Any || physiological || or || behavioral || investment || by || a || parent || to || offspring || that || comes || at || the || expense || of || self oviparous || - || Correct || answer || ✔egg-laying || species Parental || Behavioral || defense || - || Correct || answer || ✔Among || the || most || common || forms || of || parental || care, || parents || often || will || physically/spatially || attend || to || their ||
eggs || or || hatched/born || young || in || order || to || defend || them || from || a || variety || of || biotic || threats, || such || as || predators || and || parasites Parental || Nutrient || provisions || - || Correct || answer || ✔This || is || the || most || common || form || of || parental || care. || Parents || can || invest || in || young || by || providing || them || with || nourishment || either || before || hatch/birth || (e.g. || egg || yolk, || placenta) || or || after || hatch/birth || (e.g. || delivering || food || to || them, || or || mammary || milk). Parental || Behavioral || transport || - || Correct || answer || ✔This || form || of || parental || care || is || most || common || in || oviparous || and || altricial || and || precocial, || some || parents || have || evolved || to || transport || their || immature, || relatively || immobile || young || from || one || site || to || another. altricial || - || Correct || answer || ✔Offspring || in || a || species || are || a || very || immature || young || species, || i.e. || naked, || blind, || helpless precocial || - || Correct || answer || ✔Offspring || are || very || mature || young, || i.e. || mobile, || active Parental || Chemical || defense || - || Correct || answer || ✔In || order || to || protect || their || young, || parents || may || endow || their || offspring || with || noxious || chemicals || that || leave || them || distasteful || and || unpalatable || to || potential || predators. || This || requires || either || a || specialized || storage || or || chemoprotective || physiological || mechanism. Parental || Environmental || regulation || - || Correct || answer || ✔This || is || a || broad || class || of || parental || efforts || aimed || largely || at || controlling || the || abiotic || (and || occasionally || biotic) || conditions || of || development. || Examples || include || site || selection, || ensuring ||
What || are || the || main || factors || that || drive || the || evolution || of || intricate || offspring || recognition || mechanisms? || - || Correct || answer || ✔(1) || raising || young || around || other || species (2) || raising || young || in || large || groups (3) || when || some || young || are || more || valuable || than || others (4) || when || you || might || mistakenly || care || for || the || wrong || offspring Why || a || need || to || recognize || your || young? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || aggregations || of || offspring || are || common
- || parents || leave || to || acquire || food, || chase || off || a || predator || etc. Kin || Discrimination || - || Correct || answer || ✔Offspring || recognition || signals
- || vocal || (crying)
- || visual || (patterns)
- || olfactory || (mammals)
- || spatial || location || - || find || a || location || where || offspring || can || be Levels || of || Recognizing || Offspring || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Heterospecific || - || Right || species?
- || Conspecific || - || Are || these || my || own || relative || to || others || in || my || own || species?
- || inter-individual || - || which || sibling || of || my || babies || is || which? T || or || F: || Selection || typically || favors || parental || favortism || - || Correct || answer || ✔True
Silver-spoon || Hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || most || valuable, || typically || the || oldest || and/or || phenotypically || best The || good-kid || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || When || environmental || conditions || are || challenging || (insurance || policy || hypothesis)
- || Sons || over || daughters || (sexy-son || hypothesis) || favor || the || sex || with || the || greater || variance || in || RS The || weakness-compensation || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || equalize || the || playing || field || and || ensure || adequate || survival || of || all || young || produced || (can || also || be || pre- || and || post-hatch/-birth) || Ex: || egg || yolk || hormones The || terminal-investment || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔Care || most || for || the || last-born/-hatched; || With || few/no || future || reproductive || prospects What || are || the || driving || forces || that || lead || host || parents || to || not || reject || parasitic || young || in || their || nest? || - || Correct || answer || ✔(1) || When || the || costs || of || making || a || mistake || (rejecting || your || own || young) || are || high, (2) || When || hosts || rarely || are || parasitized || (i.e. || the || history || of || selection || on || parasite || rejection || behavior || is || brief || or || weak),(
- || When || parasitic || young || very || closely || resemble || a || host || young || (i.e. || the || host || can't || tell || there || is || a || parasite || to || reject), (4) || When || the || parasite || is || small || or || just || one || of || many || offspring || being || raised || (i.e. || there || is || a || very || small || cost || to || raising || that || one || extra || young, || whether || it's || yours || or || not),
- || Foraging || success
- || Reproduction
- || Health
- || Communication the || selfish || herd || effect || - || Correct || answer || ✔Many || prey || animals || would || not || be || able || to || fend || off || their || predators || alone, || group-living || individuals, || through || coordinated || defense Cost || to || Group || Living || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Resource || competitions
- || Reproductive || interference
- || Conspicuous || to || predators
- || Disease || transmission inclusive || fitness || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || sum || of || all || genetic || contributions || from || an || individual || and || the || genes || shared || in || common || with || its || relatives direct || fitness || - || Correct || answer || ✔survival/reproduction || of || an || individual || that || results || in || passing || on || its || own || genetic || units || into || future || generations indirect || fitness || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || actions || taken || by || an || individual || to || promote || the || survival || and || reproduction || of || its || relatives || and || the || genes || they || share || in || common || with || them
kin || selection || - || Correct || answer || ✔component || of || natural || selection || and || gets || at || the || possibility || that || animals || may || act || for || the || 'good || of || the || family' || if || it || means || such || behavior || results || in || more || optimal || fitness || prospects || than || acting || for || the || good || of || itself In || one || sentence, || explain || what || the || concept || of || inclusive || fitness || adds || to || our || understanding || of || evolution || and || adaptation || in || animals. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Animal || behaviors || that || don't || seem || adaptive, || because || they || don't || elevate || survival || or || reproduction || of || that || individual, || can || be || understood || as || adaptive || if || we || appreciate || how || they || impact || their || inclusive || fitness || (i.e. || the || behavior || actually || helps || the || survival || and/or || reproduction || of || family || members || and || the || genes || they || share || in || common). Hamilton's || Rule || - || Correct || answer || ✔in || addition || to || parameterizing || the || cost- benefit || trade-offs || of || kin-targeted || behavior, || it || considers || the || degree || to || which || you're || related || to || the || individual(s) || towards || which || a || helping || behavior || may || be || directed Hamilton's || Rule || Equation || - || Correct || answer || ✔rB || > || c r || = || coefficient || of || relatedness B || = || benefits || of || directing || your || behavior || towards || kin c || = || costs || of || directing || your || behavior || towards || kin coefficient || of || relatedness || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || probability || that || you || share || a || certain || proportion || (thus, || the || number || ranges || from || 0 || -1) || of || genes || in || common || with || a || particular || relative; || 0 || meaning || not || related || and || 1 || meaning || related, || we || are || related || to || each || of || our || parents || by || 0.
Benefits || = || raise || more || related || young || than || you || could || alone; || increase || your || mating || prospects || by || demonstrating || your || worth || as || a || helper For || which || set(s) || of || relatives || would || it || be || evolutionarily || advantageous || to || sacrifice || three || of || your || siblings? a) || three || cousins || and || four || aunts b) || one || step-parent || and || five || grandchildren c) || three || grandparents || and || three || cousins d) || three || uncles || and || four || great-grandparents e) || four || nieces || and || two || daughters || - || Correct || answer || ✔Answer || is || option || e) || Four || nieces || and || two || daughters || - || three || siblings || = || 0.5 || relatedness || x || 3 || = || 1.5 || inclusive || fitness || units. || So || the || correct || answer || must || be || > || 1.5 || fitness || units. i.e., || (4 || x || .25) || + || (2 || x || 0.5) || = || 1 || + || 1 || = || 2 Which || of || the || following || is || NOT || a || cost || of || group || living? a. || increased || competition || for || resources b. || increased || probability || of || misdirecting || parental || care c. || increased || likelihood || of || disease || transmission d. || increased || dilution || effects e. || all || of || the || above || are || costs || - || Correct || answer || ✔d. || increased || dilution || effects Consider || a || group || of || four || human || sisters, || where || the || youngest || behaves || in || such || a || way || as || to || decrease || her || own || offspring || production || by || 5 || units || but || increase || offspring || production || for || her || siblings || by || 3 || units || each. || Will || this || kin-directed || behavior || be || favored || over || evolutionary || time? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || answer || is || No, || this || is || not || an || adaptive || scenario. || First, || know || that || r || = || 0.5 || for || sisters || and ||
for || offspring. || So || the || sister || will || lose || c || = || 5 || fitness || units || by || doing || this || but || gain || b || = || 9 || units. || For || rb || > || c, || we || get || (0.5)9 || > || 5 || = || 4.5 || > || 5, || which || is || not || true. || Thus || the || benefit || does || not || outweigh || the || cost || and || the || behavior || is || not || favored. The || occupation || of || a || central || position || in || a || group, || in || order || to || use || peripheral || group || members || as || shields || from || predators, || is || known || as || the || __________ || effect. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Selfish || herd T || or || F: || Kin || selection || is || an || alternative || evolutionary || hypothesis || to || natural || selection. || - || Correct || answer || ✔It's || false. || Kin || selection || is || a || part || of || natural || selection, || designed || to || address || inclusively || how || an || individual's || genes || - || represented || in || themselves || and || those || shared || by || relatives || - || survive || and || persist || into || future || generations. T || or || F: || When || would || it || be || beneficial || to || stay || with || the || pack || to || help || raise || siblings || during || your || first || year || of || adulthood? No || parental || care || required. || - || Correct || answer || ✔True T || or || F: || When || would || it || be || beneficial || to || stay || with || the || pack || to || help || raise || siblings || during || your || first || year || of || adulthood? Territories || require || dangerous || travel || - || Correct || answer || ✔True T || or || F: || When || would || it || be || beneficial || to || stay || with || the || pack || to || help || raise || siblings || during || your || first || year || of || adulthood? You || are || the || largest || of || your || litter || - || Correct || answer || ✔False
T || or || F: || When || would || it || be || beneficial || to || stay || with || the || pack || to || help || raise || siblings || during || your || first || year || of || adulthood? No || parental || care || required || - || Correct || answer || ✔False Types || of || individual || interactions || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || true || cooperation
- || altruism
- || exploitation
- || spite True || Cooperation || - || Correct || answer || ✔When || both || parties || benefit || from || an || interaction || ex. || ants True || Altruism || - || Correct || answer || ✔When || an || actor || performs || a || behavior || that || incurs || a || net || fitness || cost, || but || that || ultimately || provides || net || fitness || benefits || for || the || recipient. || VERY || RARE Reciprocal || Altruism || - || Correct || answer || ✔Some || behaviors || incur || an || immediate || cost || to || an || actor || while || providing || a || fitness || benefit || to || the || recipient. || The || recipient || of || a || transaction || is || now || indebted, || and || will || often || be || much || more || likely || to || give || back || to || the || donor || in || the || future. Exploitation || - || Correct || answer || ✔When || an || actor || gains || a || net || fitness || benefit || at || the || fitness || cost || of || the || recipient. || Extremely || common || in || predation || and || parasitism
Spite || - || Correct || answer || ✔When || both || the || actor || and || recipient || are || harmed || by || a || social || interaction. What || are || the || two || most || common || forms || of || social || interactions || in || animals? || Why? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Cooperation || and || exploitation. || The || actor || gains || a || net || fitness || benefit || (in || one || case || by || cooperating || with || another || and || the || other || case || by || deceiving || another). The || hawk-dove || model || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || mathematical || approach || to || studying || animal || conflict Evolutionary || Game || Theory || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Assigns || numerical || values || to || fitness || payoffs || for || adopting || a || particular || behavioral || strategy ||
- || actions || can || be || dependent || on || those || of || others || in || the || population Evolutionarily || Stable || strategy || (ESS) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Predicts || which || social || behaviors || will || be || stale || over || time || and || not || invaded || by || a || mutant || strategy Explain || the || main || significance || of || the || Hawk-Dove || model || as || a || means || of || understanding || animal || conflict. || - || Correct || answer || ✔To || probabilistically || uncover || the || optimal || behavioral || strategy || for || competing || over || a || resource, || depending || on || the || costs || and || benefits || of || the || competition || and || resource || and || the || likely || tactic || (to || fight || or || not) || of || your || opponent. group || augmentation || - || Correct || answer || ✔One || direct || benefit || of || breeding || cooperatively || is || that || individuals || survive || or || reproduce || better || simply || by || living || in || larger || groups
benefits-of-philopatry || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || benefits || of || delaying || dispersal || outweigh || the || costs || associated || with || attempting || to || disperse || and || breed || independently What || are || some || of || the || costs || and || benefits || of || cooperative || breeding? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Costs || include || limited || direct || fitness, || time || and || effort || spent || feeding || young || that || aren't || yours, || inexperience || with || habitats || away || from || home || (i.e. || if || you || ever || were || to || leave || and || breed), || and || risks || of || inbreeding. || Benefits || include || familiarity || with || natal || site, || potential || inheritance || of || a || successful || breeding || location, || safety || in || a || group, || expanded || period || of || learning || from || kin, || and || more || diverse || gene || pool || (i.e. || than || just || you || propagating || your || set || of || gene || copies). T || or || F: || Cooperative || breeding || is || a || form || of || kin || selection || - || Correct || answer || ✔True Reproductive || Skew || - || Correct || answer || ✔an || index || of || the || degree || of || reproductive || partitioning || in || a || group; || often || the || function || of || a || dominance || hierarchy || (alpha, || beta, || etc.) High || Reproductive || skew || - || Correct || answer || ✔one || or || few || breeders || monopolize || fertilizations Low || Reproductive || skew || - || Correct || answer || ✔equality || in || reproduction What || are || the || proximate || factors || that || regulate || the || degree || of || skew || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Social: || # || and || competitive || abilities || of || rivals
- || Ecological: || sufficient || food || or || space || to || breed || alone?
- || Genetic: || r || of || group || members Hawk-Dove || model || equation || - || Correct || answer || ✔P* || = || B/C P* || : || probability || of || playing || hawk B || : || benefit || (energy, || offspring) C || : || cost || (energy, || death) Real || world || application || of || Hawk-Dove || Model || equation || - || Correct || answer || ✔measure || costs || (injury, || survival) || & || benefits || (time, || energy, || # || young) || of || different || forms || of || competition || and || predict || behavioral || strategies || favored || by || natural || selection Game || theoretical || model || of || reproductive || skew || - || Correct || answer || ✔Weigh || the || costs || and || benefits || of || staying || vs || leaving || and || Factor || in || r || to || see || if || subordinates || will || help Central || theme || for || Game || Theoretical || Model || - || Correct || answer || ✔dominants || must || give || subordinates || incentives || to || stay reproductive-skew || continuum || - || Correct || answer || ✔valuable || framework || for || considering || how || evolution || has || shaped || the || partitioning || of || breeding || efforts || among || individuals || in || a || society
a. || Fitness || of || the || dominant || when || breeding || alone b. || Coefficient || of || relatedness || among || the || offspring || produced c. || Fitness || of || the || subordinate || when || breeding || alone d. || Coefficient || of || relatedness || between || the || dominant || and || subordinate || - || Correct || answer || ✔Coefficient || of || relatedness || among || the || offspring || produced In || the || Hawk-Dove || Evolutionary || Game, || if || the || fitness || payoff || for || playing || Dove || against || Dove || is || 8 || units || and || the || cost || of || competing || in || this || game || is || 12 || units, || which || of || the || following || is || an || evolutionary || stable || strategy? a. || a || pure || hawk || tactic b. || a || pure || dove || tactic c. || a || 67% || hawk || and || 33% || dove || tactic d. || a || 33% || hawk || and || 67% || dove || tactic || - || Correct || answer || ✔In || this || game, || you || always || play || hawk || if || b>c, || but || when || c>b || it's || a || mixed || strategy || (sometimes || play || hawk, || sometimes || play || dove). || And || when || c>b, || you || have || to || use || P* || to || calculate || what || % || of || time || you || play || hawk || and || what || % || of || time || you || play || dove. || So || in || this || case || the || correct || answer || is || supposed || to || be || D. T || or || F: || Eusocial || breeding || systems || are || more || likely || to || evolve || in || organisms || with || paternal || care. || - || Correct || answer || ✔FALSE. || Eusocial || systems || are || largely || matrilineal || systems, || and || while || males || do || participate || in || some || form || of || the || care || fathers || are || not || obligate || participants. Define || an || evolutionarily || stable || strategy || (ESS) || and || give || examples || of || pure || and || mixed || strategies || in || the || context || of || a || mating || system || where || males || can || either || be || sneaker || or || territorial. || - || Correct || answer || ✔An || ESS || is || the || behavioral || strategy || that || optimizes || fitness || returns || and || cannot || be || invaded || by || a || mutant || strategy. || A
|| pure || strategy || involves || always || adopting || a || single || strategy || (i.e. || 100% || of || the || time || being || a || sneaker || male || because || it || always || provides || the || most || fitness || benefits). || A || mixed || strategy || involves || conditional || adjustments || to || behavior, || depending || on || who || you || are || up || against || (i.e. || being || a || sneaker || when || you || approach || a || territorial || male || or || becoming || territorial || when || you || are || around || a || bunch || of || sneakers). Niche || - || Correct || answer || ✔range || of || environmental || conditions || withstood || or || resources || utilized || by || individuals || of || a || species Fundamental || niche || - || Correct || answer || ✔where || and || how || a || species || can || live Realized || niche || - || Correct || answer || ✔where || and || how || a || species || does || live Environmental || tolerance || - || Correct || answer || ✔fitness || optimized || to || abiotic || conditions || (e.g. || temperature, || humidity, || wind/waves, || shelter/substrate, || light) Biotic || competition || - || Correct || answer || ✔fitness || optimized || to || resource || exploitation || (e.g. || predators, || mates, || competitors) Extrinsic || factors || that || shape || niches || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Optimal || foraging || theory ||
- || Environmental || potential || for || polygamy || (mating || systems) ||
- || Group || life || dynamics ||
- || Ideal || free || distribution || theory || (competition || for || space)
