Download Animal Behavior: Neural and Hormonal Control Mechanisms and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
BIO|| 331 || Exam|| 3/|| Final || exam|| with|| precise
|| detailed || solutions
fixed || action || pattern || - || Correct || answer || ✔ex: || A || herring || gull || (Larus || argentatus) || chick || is || known || to || respond || to || the || presence || of || a || red || spot || by || opening || its || mouth || and || begging || for || food. || caused || by || a || network || of || neurons || in || response || to || the || standard || red-color || stimulus || (referred || to || as || a || SIGN || STIMULUS || or || RELEASER). Innate || Releasing || Mechanism || (IRM) || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || mechanism || in || the || animal's || nervous || system || that || serves || to || connect || the || stimulus || with || the || right || response. internal || processing || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || sensory || neurons || receive || and || decode
- || info || transmitted || along || axons || through || dendrites || to || relay || neurons
- || regions || of || brain || and || spinal || cord || redirect || info || via || motor || neurons || back || out || of || body || (muscles, || skeletomuscular) Salient || Stimuli || - || Correct || answer || ✔most || noticeable || or || important || stimuli, || ignoring || non || essential || stimuli neural || acclimation || - || Correct || answer || ✔tuning || out || irrelevant || stimuli
Specialization || - || Correct || answer || ✔tuning || in || with || special || sensitivity || to || particular || elements || of || stimuli Central || Pattern || Generator || (CPG) || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || centrally || located || control || mechanism || that || produces || mainly || genetically || defined || actions || such || as || walking || or || a || sea || slugs || dorsal || and || ventral || felxion List || the || three || main || functional || aspects || of || neurons || controlling || animal || behaviors || - || Correct || answer || ✔Salience, || specialization, || and || redundancy. || Responding || to || the || right || stimuli || (salience) || with || the || right || response || (specialization) || are || critical || for || animal || fitness. || Having || a || backup || plan || is || nice || (redundancy) || but || not || as || key || for || survival || responses. ZENK || - || Correct || answer || ✔gene || that || codes || for || a || protein || that || is || expressed || in || particular || parts || of || the || brain || after || the || bird || hears || the || song || of || its || own || species
- || For || birds || that || only || listen || to || these || songs || but || do || not || sing || in || response, || the || protein || can || be || detected || only || in || certain || brain || structures || associated || with || auditory || processing. || For || those || birds || that || respond || vocally || after || hearing || their || species' || song, || the || ZENK || protein || is || also || detected || in || the || regions || of || the || brain || that || control || song || production. || The || ZENK || protein || is || a || transcription || factor HVC || - || Correct || answer || ✔high || vocal || center || nucleus
ex || testosterone peptide || and || protein || hormones || - || Correct || answer || ✔-releasing || growth || hormones -insulin -LH/FSH || (lutinizing || hormone || or || follicle || stimulation || hormone) -prolactin, || oxytocin monoamine || hormones || - || Correct || answer || ✔-dopamine || serotonin, || melatonin -epinephrine || and || norepinephrine WHY || do || hormones || control || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔genes environment
|| hormones to || integrate || enviro || info || w || genetic || code || for || a || behavior || and || internally || guide || the || body || to || make || appropriate || decisions HOW || do || hormones || control || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔via || gene || activation || and || cellular || communication "tickling || the || genome" Hormones || can || activate || & || organize || behavior || - || Correct || answer || ✔gene || and || cell || organization || during || development
classic || example: || sex || determination Neural || regulation || - || Correct || answer || ✔fast || (milliseconds) electric || (+chemical) movement train || travel Neural || systems || act || fast || to || activate || behavioral || responses || directly || and || work || through || dedicated || circuitry hormonal || regulation || - || Correct || answer || ✔slower || (minutes || to || days) chemical behavioral || state/motivation 'car || travel' Hormones, || on || average, || act || slower || to || set || animals || up || for || probably || behaving || in || certain || ways || (i.e. || depending || on || environmental || input) || and || work || through || a || less || dedicated || set || of || channels climate || - || Correct || answer || ✔Many || behaviors || and || their || hormonal || control || mechanisms || respond || directly || to || temperature, || weather, || wind, || humidity, || and || other || climatic || variables || in || order || to || appropriately || 'turn || on' || behaviors || like || mating, || migration, || and || even || sociality || (i.e. || when || to || aggregate || with || others). Resources || - || Correct || answer || ✔Food, || territories, || or || other || material || goods || can || also || serve || as || stimuli || for || hormonal || surges || and || the || onset || of || specifically || timed || behaviors.
endogenous || biorhythms || - || Correct || answer || ✔All || above || examples || focused || on || extrinsic/external || features || of || the || world || (whether || living || or || not) || that || serve || as || cues || for || hormone || regulation. || However, || some || aspects || of || the || natural || world || have || been || so || predictable || for || so || long || in || evolutionary || time || that || animals || no || longer || rely || on || those || features || to || appropriately || time || their || behavior. || We || consider || these || endogenous || biorhythms, || including || circadian || (daily) || or || cirannual || (annually) || rhythms. || What || is || more || reliable || than || the || sun || rising || and || setting || each || day, || or || the || seasons || changing || from || winter || to || spring || to || summer || to || fall || each || year. Cost: || elevated || metabolism || - || Correct || answer || ✔to || turn || on || the || body || for || mating, || migrating, || predator || avoidance || (flying/running || rapidly || away) || takes || its || toll. || If || you || do || this || too || much, || you || may || suffer || an || energy-demand || cost, || even || to || the || point || of || survival. || One || of || the || most || overarching || trade-offs || in || animals || is || that || those || species || that || breed || a || lot || don't || live || very || long. || Those || quick || breeding || species || surge || hormones || and || breed || a || lot, || and || pay || a || direct || longevity || price || for || it. cost: || immunosuppresion || - || Correct || answer || ✔several || hormones || (e.g. || steroids) || are || known || to || have || negative || impacts || on || the || immune || system, || again || likely || due || to || the || trade-off || that || animals || face || when || investing || in || self || versus || offspring. || It's || simply || too || much || to || do || both || well, || so || overinvesting || in || hormones || (like || testosterone) || for || mating || come || back || to || harm || self. || It || has || been || argued || that || shorter || lifespans || in || male || animals, || due || to || their || aggressive || and || risky || testosterone-driven || behaviors, || is || due || (at || least || in || part) || to || the || immunosuppressive || effects || of || testosterone. || Testosterone || literally || may || be || poison! cost: || Behavioral || interference/inflexibility: || - || Correct || answer || ✔One || of || the || central || aspects || of || hormonal || control || of || behavior || that || we || built || earlier || was || the ||
notion || that || it || puts || animals || in || "moods", || i.e. || to || turn || them || on || to || responding || in || a || particular || way || over || some || larger || period || of || time || (often || hours || to || weeks). || But || the || varied || threats || and || advantages || of || life || don't || always || come || in || such || discrete, || separate || packages || - || one || moment || you || may || be || aggressively || competing || with || a || rival, || when || a || predator || detects || you. || As || a || hormonally || amped || animal, || the || system || may || direct || him/her || to || fight || the || predator || then || too, || but || this || would || not || be || the || smartest || decision! || Being || moody || (and || not || being || able || to || quickly || and || flexibility || snap || out || of || it) || has || its || downsides, || doesn't || it! Steroid || Aldosterone || - || Correct || answer || ✔Hormone || that || stimulates || the || kidney || to || retain || sodium || ions || and || water steroid: Glucocorticoids || like || corticosterone || (or || cortisol || in || some || organisms) || - || Correct || answer || ✔are || also || corticosteroids, || related || to || the || mineralocorticoids, || and || similarly || are || produced || in || the || adrenal || cortex || (hence || their || name). Sex || Steroids || - || Correct || answer || ✔testosterone || and || estrogen the || challenge || hypothesis || - || Correct || answer || ✔testosterone || is || argued || to || rise || in || response || to || the || pending || (seasonal/contextual) || need || for || aggressive || confrontations estrogen || (also || called || estradiol) || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || the || other || primary || sex || steroid || that || modulates || mating, || and || interestingly || it || can || play || important || roles || in || both || sexes || as || well || and || can || be || synthesized || (with || proper || enzyme || activity) || from || testosterone! || In || female || rhesus || monkeys, || estrogen || fosters || the || sequences || of || behaviors || that || females || exhibit || with || increasing || interest || in || a || male || partner
(3) || Monoamine || hormones:: c) || Epinephrine || (adrenaline) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ephedrine || is || a || small-sized || neurotransmitter || produced || by || the || adrenal || gland || that || is || very || responsive || to || strong, || salient || environmental || stimuli || and || that || catalyzes || a || nearly || immediate || neurophysiological || 'fight-or-flight' || response || via || the || central || nervous || system || (including || elevated || heart || rate, || blood || circulation, || muscle || performance, || sugar || mobilization || for || energy). Seek-and-subdue || - || Correct || answer || ✔Active || pursuit || of || food/prey || over || space || and || time Sit-and-wait || (or || ambush) || - || Correct || answer || ✔Strategic || spatiotemporal || positioning || (often || hiding) || of || predator || to || sneak || up || on || and || surprise || prey luring || - || Correct || answer || ✔Strategic || use || of || deceptive || communication || to || trick || prey || into || being || consumed || by || predator Filter-feeding || - || Correct || answer || ✔Frequent || sampling || of || the || environment || (typically || in || water) || to || strain || small || resources || for || consumption Agriculture || - || Correct || answer || ✔Active || environmental || manipulation || to || cultivate || local || food || resources scavenging || - || Correct || answer || ✔Consumption || of || dead, || organic || material
Coprophagy: || - || Correct || answer || ✔• || vultures || seek || antioxidant-rich || feces || of || ungulate || grazers Geophagy: || - || Correct || answer || ✔• || parrots/primates || eat || metal-rich || clays, || bind || toxic || tannins || & || alkaloids, || render || them || inert optimal || foraging || theory || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || optimization || of || food || type, || patch || choice, || time || spent || in || different || patches, || or || patterns || and || speed || of || movement marginal || value || theorem || - || Correct || answer || ✔predicts || that || an || animal || should || leave || a || patch || when || its || rate || of || food || intake || in || that || patch || drops || below || the || average || rate || for || the || habitat Central || place || foraging || models || - || Correct || answer || ✔herefore || examine || how || organisms || can || optimize || foraging || rates || while || traveling || through || patches || to || locate || food, || before || returning || home || with || those || food || items. || Finally, || some || animals || must || optimize || their || ability || to || encounter || food, || often || by || changing || speed || or || direction. Aggressive || mimicry || - || Correct || answer || ✔"Wolf || in || sheep's || clothing". || A || form || of || mimicry || exhibited || by || predators || (or || parasites/parasitoids), || in || which || several || species || share || the || resemblance || of || a || harmless || model || in || order || to || avoid || being || recognized || by || their || prey/host auditory: ||
Faking || injury/death || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || species || of || bird || known || as || a || killdeer || will, || when || sitting || on || its || nest || of || eggs, || move || away || and || fake || a || wing || injury, || in || attempt || to || lure || a || predator || away || from || finding || its || (defenseless) || eggs behaviors: Fleeing || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || gazelle || sprinting || to || try || and || escape || a || cheetah || in || pursuit || is || a || classic || example || of || an || anti-predator || adaptation behaviors: Group || life || - || Correct || answer || ✔Simply || living || around || others, || as || in || this || group || of || spider || crabs, || offers || many || anti-predator || benefits, || including || more || likely || detection || of || a || predator || by || your || group || as || well || as || benefits || from || the || "dilution" || (safety || in || numbers) || or || "selfish-herd" || (strategic || positioning || in || a || group || so || that || it || serves || to || spatially || shield || an || individual || from || danger) || effects behaviors: Physical || aggression || - || Correct || answer || ✔When || an || individual || responds || to || a || predator's || presence || by || directly || attacking || it, || like || a || zebra || to || a || cheetah behaviors: Safe || havens || - || Correct || answer || ✔Beyond || simple || hiding || spots || like || caves || and || tree || cavities, || some || organisms || receive || protection || from || predators || by || other || organisms, || such || as || cleaner || fish || or || acacia || ants Group || life || Crabs behaviors:
Self-vigilance || - || Correct || answer || ✔White-tailed || deer || look || up || ('feeding || glances') || in || search || of || nearby || predators behaviors: Stotting || - || Correct || answer || ✔Exhibited || by || gazelles || and || relatives || where || they || spring || high || into || the || air || with || an || arched || back || and || stiff, || as || an || honest || signal || that || this || prey || item || would || be || difficult || to || catch behaviors: Threat || (deimatic/startle) || displays || - || Correct || answer || ✔Animals || like || frilled || lizards || will || hiss || and || extend || out || their || frills, || often || in || a || chase || to || intimidate || and || ward || off || a || nearby || predator. || These || can || also || involve || explosive || or || threatening || movements || or || postures || that || function || to || momentarily || startle || or || distract || a || predator behaviors: Unpredictable || travel || - || Correct || answer || ✔Parent || birds || visiting || their || nest || to || feed || offspring || will || use || different || travel || routes || to || confuse || predators Chemical || and || Tactile || (Vibrational): || - || Correct || answer || ✔alarm || signals: A || rare || form || of || communication || in || which || honey || bees || alert || colony-mates || to || a || hive || attack || by || wasps || by || headbutting || them || and || emitting || short || vibrational || pulses Chemical || and || Tactile || (Vibrational):
chromatic || or || visual: Disruptive || coloration || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || form || of || camouflage, || in || creatures || like || leopards, || that || breaks || up || the || outline || of || an || animal || with || a || pattern || that || is || difficult || to || distinguish || (i.e. || hard || to || identify || head || v. || tail) chromatic || or || visual: Mimicry || - || Correct || answer || ✔Animals || that || resemble || other || organisms || to || avoid || detection/recognition || as || a || palatable || prey || item || (e.g. || octopus || appearing || to || be || several || venomous || sea || snakes) chromatic || or || visual: Pursuit-deterrent || signals || - || Correct || answer || ✔Contrasting || flashes || of || color, || like || the || white || on || the || tail || of || a || rabbit || or || deer || or || the || wagging || tail || of || a || motmot, || that || alerts || a || predator || that || it || has || been || detected || by || a || prey || item || and || thus || improves || the || chances || that || the || predator || will || not || bother || pursuing || the || alert || prey. Evolution || of || fearlessness || - || Correct || answer || ✔• || reduced/no || need || for || defense || tactics || in || predator-free || environments Hidden || (physiological) || cost || of || 'fear || feeding' || - || Correct || answer || ✔Ground || frogs || in || Fiji || experience elevated || corticosterone || (stress hormone) || levels || at || the || sight || of || a || cane toad || predator
Imperfect || mimicry || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || class || of || mimicry || recognized || when || a || mimic || only || loosely || resembles || its || model Long-term || reproductive || cost || of || predation || threat || - || Correct || answer || ✔Wolves || introduced || to || Yellowstone || National || Park || in || 1995 || have || forced elk || to || be || more || vigilant || and || feed || in || covered || forest
- || Consume || 25% || less || food || and || raise || 50% || fewer || offspring mimicry || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || an || anti-predator || signaling || tactic || in || which || animals || have || evolved || to || detectably || resemble || features || of || organisms || to || achieve || 'mistaken || identity'. || Mimetic || signals || are || typically || very || conspicuous || (i.e. || standing || out || from || noise || in || the || environment) || in || order || to || facilitate || recognition || and || recall || of || the || memorable || trait || and || thereby || stay || safe morphology: Disposable || parts || - || Correct || answer || ✔Porcupines || can || puncture || predators || with || their || difficult-to-remove || quills. || Also || many || lizards || will || drop || their || tails || when || pursued || by || a || predator || as || a || means || of || offering || a || nutritional || reward, || while || allowing || them || to || escape morphology: Impenetrable || armor || - || Correct || answer || ✔Shells || provide || bivalves, || turtles/tortoises, || and || armadillos || with || shelter || into || which || they || can || escape || in || place morphology:
Short-term || costs || of || behavioral || defense || tactics || - || Correct || answer || ✔Re-routed || travel
- || Attention || deflection || from || other || activities
- || Energy || spent || warding-off || or || escaping
- || Injury/death
- || Resource || sharing || (if || group || defense) three || main || ways || in || which || animals || avoid || getting || eaten: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || Avoiding || detection || by || the || predator || 2) || Escaping || the || threat || - || i.e. || there || is || no || direct || confrontation, || but || the || prey || gets || away || || 3) || Fending || off || danger || - || i.e. || prey || meets || predator || but || effectively || wins || the || confrontation Wasmannian || mimicry || - || Correct || answer || ✔A || special || case || of || defensive || mimicry, || largely || restricted || to || the || social || insects, || in || which || animals || resemble || ants || in || a || colony || in || order || to || hide || and/or || exploit || resources environment || of || evolutionary || adaptedness || - || Correct || answer || ✔researchers || are || more || likely || to || focus || on || studies || of || human || populations || in || historical, || undeveloped || environments || (we || call || this || our || environment || of || evolutionary || adaptedness), || such || as || hunter-gatherer || cultures. || African || hunter-gatherer || cultures || are || of || particular || value || for || these || types || of || questions || (see || video || below) || because || their || environment || most || closely || matches || that || of || the || very || earliest || humans, || both || in || a || cultural || and || geographical || sense.
3 || methods || to || study || evolution || of || human || behavior: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Study || a || variety || of || human || populations
- || Variety || of || sampling || and || experimental || methods
- || Phylogenetic || comparative || methods 5 || Limitations || of || studying || human || behavior || today || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || Difficult || to || extrapolate || to || historical || populations
- || Population || and || individual || level || variability
- || Research || bias ||
- || Consider || environment || of || evolutionary || adaptiveness ||
- || Ethical || constraints || for || studies What || are || the || most || significant || challenges || to || studying || evolved || human || behaviors? || - || Correct || answer || ✔1) || showing || that || behaviors || are || not || culturally || rooted || and || in || fact || are || naturally/sexually || selected (2) || gathering || unbiased || data || - || Correct || answer || ✔ (3) || gathering || data || that || is || representative || of || most || individuals || and || most || populations || in || most || situations || - || Correct || answer || ✔ (4) || the || world || is || changing || very || fast || now || and || even || recently || cultural || trends || don't || necessarily || hold || up || for || new || study || cohorts || - || Correct || answer || ✔
