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BIO || 669 || Neuro || I || exam || with || verified ||
answers
3 || components || of || a || neuron || - || Correct || answers || ✔ cell || body/soma, || dendrites, || axons Densely || packed || cell || bodies || in || the || CNS || are || ______________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ nuclei Densely || packed || cell || bodies || in || the || PNS || are || _____________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ ganglia _______________ || are || the || receiving || part || of || the || neuron. || They || receive || incoming || signals || and || send || signals || to || the || neuron || ____ || ________. || They || eventually || converge || into || the || ___________ || ____________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Dendrites, || cell || body, || axon || hillock _____________ || are || able || to || be || affected || by || external || stimuli. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Dendrites _________- || take || the || signal || to || the || end || of || the || cell || and || carry || impulses || AWAY || from || the || cell || body || toward || another || neuron || or || effector. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ axons The || ____________ || ___________ || is || a || cone-shape || where || the || axon || leaves || the || cell || body. || The || axon || hillock || determines || whether || there || is || enough || ____________ || ______________ || _______________ || to || develop || and || sustain || an || AP || to || send || down || the || axon || hillock. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ axon || hillock, || excitatory || graded || potentials
As || dendrites || bring || signals || into || the || ___________ || ____ || _______ || some || may || be || _____________-more || likely || to || generate || signal || or || ____________-prevent || signal || from || being || developed. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ neuron || cell || body, || excitatory, || inhibitory The || initial || segment || of || the || axon || is || the || area || of || the || axon || having || the || _________ || threshold || for || stimulation, || so || the || AP || ________ || at || this || point. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ lowest, || begin During || the || __________ || state, || an || imbalance || of || ions || is || created || and || maintained || by || ion || pumps || and || lack || of || permeability || to || ions. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ resting || state The || concentration || of || ions || are || given || in || ___. || The || separation || or || _______________ || of || ions || and || charges || creates || an || ____________ || _____________. || Little || to || no || difference || in || charges || between || inside || and || outside || __________________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ mOsm,mM polarization electrical || potential depolarization The || __________ || __________ || refers || to || the || inside || of || the || cell, || a || -70mV || -the || charge || associated || with || the || inside || of || the || cell || means || that || the || inside || aka || the || ____________ || is || more || __________ || than || the || extracellular || environment. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ membrane || potential, || cytoplasm, || more || negative The || inside || of || the || cell || is || __________ || charged || and || the || outside || of || the || cell || is || _____________ || charged. || The || different || in || charges || is || found || at || the || ______________ || not || the || cell || as || a || whole. || What || ions || cause || this || difference? || - || Correct || answers || ✔ negatively, || positively membrane, || K || & || Na || but || mostly || Na
Na || is || _________ || charged || and || attracted || to || a || ______ || environment || inside || the || cell. || It || also || has || a || high || ____________ || gradient || helping || to || pull || Na || _____ || as || well. || Both || forces || help || to || favor || movement || of || Na || _______ || the || cell. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Na || is || postitively || charged, || negative concentration, || in, || into How || to || tell || whether || the || K || will || leave || the || cell || or || stay? || Look || at || the || _______________- || gradient. || In || this || case, || K || is || more || likely || to || ______. || It || will || continue || to || leave || until || the || cell's || inside || is || _________ || enough || to || pull || back || as || many || K || ions || in || as || are || leaving, || that || will || be || K || ____________ || potential. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ electrochemical || gradient, || leave, || negative, || equilibrium _____________ || ____________ || a || way || to || describe || the || voltage || conditions || necessary || to || counterbalance || the || chemical || gradient || forces || of || a || given || _____________ || ______ || so || that || equilibrium || is || established. || The || movement || in=movement || out || for || only || that || ______. || I.E. || What || will || it || take || voltage || wise || or || __________ || __________ || to || balance || out || the || __________ || __________ || for || that || ion? || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Equilibrium || potential || single || ion ion membrane || potential, || chemical || diffusion At || what || potential || or || membrane || polarization || does || it || require || for || K || to || be || balanced || in || terms || of || the || concentration || and || electrical || gradient || OR || what || charge || does || the || inside || need || to || be || negative || to || counterbalance || the || outflow || of || K || bc || of || the || concentration || gradient? || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Probably || around || -80mV The || closer || an || ion || is || to || equilibrium || potential, || the || more || ____________ || the || membrane || will || be || to || that || ion. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ permeable Moving || a || membrane || potential || from || -70mV || to || -50mV || would || be || characterized || as || a || ___________ || event. ||
Not || all || depolarization || lead || to || _________ || __________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Depolarizing || AP AP || are || ____________ || ___________ || movements || that || are || similar || one || to || another || and || can || sustain || a || movement || of || these || signals || down || a || ___________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ self-sustaining, || membrane ____________ || _______________ || are || local || events || that || have || depolarization || or || hyperpolarization || but || not || enough || to || trigger || a || self-sustaining || movement. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Graded || potentials If || a || membrane || is || depolarized || enough || to || trigger || ___________________ || _____ || ______________, || an || AP || starts. || It || is || typically || started || by || a || ____________ || such || as || ______________- || or || _____________ || that || can || bind || to || a || receptor || on || the || outside || of || the || cell || that || opens || up || an || ion || channel || making || the || ______ || ____________ || more || permeable || to || that || particular || ion. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ voltage-gated || ion || channels, || ligand, || Ach, || Epinephrine cell || membrane the || minimum || depolarization || needed || to || open || up || the || voltage || gated || channels || and || form || an || AP || is || called || the || - || Correct || answers || ✔ threshold In || the || case || of || the || NM || junction, || it || makes || it || more || permeable || to || both || Na || & || K || at || the || same || time. || Na || has || much || greater || driving || force || ______ || the || cell || than || K || _____ || of || the || cell, || the || effect || is || largely || that || Na || is || moving || _____ || and || ____polarizing || the || cell. || If || enough || Na || moves || in || to || depolarize || the || cell || to || reach || ____________, || then || you || will || reach || AP. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Na || into || the || cell, || than || K || out || of || the || cell, || Na || moves || into || the || cell || and || depolarizes || the || cell threshold
___________ || ____________ || all || alike, || they || are || all || or || none || events || that || when || they || occur || will || proceed || the || same || way || each || time || based || on || which || _____ || ___________ || open || and || close || no || matter || what || the || _________ || __________ || was. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ AP ion || channels GP AP || proceed || without || ______________ || over || time || and || distance. They || are || followed || by || a || __________ || period, || so || that || there || are || only || so || many || AP || forming || in || a || _________ || _________, || bc || there || is || a || point || where || it || cannot || create || another || AP || in || the || refractory || period || or || time || of || reset. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ decrement/diminishing refractory time || period What || will || happen || if || the || Na || channels || open? || If || the || effect || becomes || self-_____________ || and || is || urged || on || by || positive || feedback || or || __________, || or || it || is || self-_____________ || by || charge || and || ___________ || gates, || the || electrical || spike || begins || to || __________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ This || will || cause || depolarization || bc || Na || by || becoming || more || permeable || will || move || from || the || outside || to || the || inside || making || the || inside || of || the || cell || more || positive, || thereby || depolarizing || it. || self-generating-spikes self-limiting, || oinctivation || gates, || reverse If || a || change || in || membrane || potential || causes || K+ || channels || to || open || what || effect || will || this || have || on || polarization? || - || Correct || answers || ✔ As || K || moves || out || of || the || cell, || it || has || the || effect || of || repolarization || or || hyperpolarization || of || the || membrane || and || then || undershoot _____________ || ___________: || Na || gates || (activation || and || inactivation) || are || closed, || and || therefore || the || neuron || is || ____________ || at || this || time. || They || can || open || by || _____________. ||
- || Correct || answers || ✔ Refractory || period
insensitiveactivation A || voltage || gated || channel, || once || it || reaches || that || specific || voltage, || it || will || __________, || but || there || are || two || sets || of || doors. || The || outer || door || opens || in || response || to || activation || by || ______________- || and || the || inner || door || was || ___________ || allowing || for || ion || movement || across || the || channel. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ open depolarization already || open As || soon || as || the || outside || activation || gate || opens || in || response || to || depolarization || it || will || have || an || effect || that || will || cause || a || slow || ______________ || of || the || inactivation || gates || on || the || other || side || of || the || channel. || This || allows || for || a || brief || movement || of || ____________ || and || ____________ || channels || that || will || stop || that || Na || movement || and || remain || close || until || the || _____________ || _____________ || __________ || is || again || reached. || This || is || a || way || of || creating || a || ____________ || period || to || reset || and || reopen || that || gate || for || the || next || ____________ || _____________ || to || occur, || otherwise || it || won't || happen. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ closing, || Na || and || inactivation || channels || resting || membrane || potential || refractory || period AP _____________ || ______________ || ____________: || once || that || membrane || potential || is || reached, || you || have || extra || opening || of || K || gates || and || instead || of || stopping || at || resting || membrane || potential, || you || ________polarize || the || membrane || a || little || bit || bc || the || inactivation || gates || are || now || ________ || but || harder || to || reach || threshold || bc || since || the || membrane || is || _______polarized || you || are || further || away || from || threshold. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Relative || refractory || period hyperpolarize open hyperpolarize
insulating, || peripheral || NS Saltatory || conduction || is || the || flow || of || ______ || between || segments || of || ___________ || rather || than || along || the || entire || length || of || the || ______. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ ions myelin axon ____________ || is || the || ability || of || branching || axons || to || influence || many || neurons. || Axons || can || branch || and || have || one || signal || conduction || at || the || _________ || __________ || and || branch || into || many || different || axon || terminals || ____ || signal(s) || converted || to || ____ || signal(s) || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Divergence axon || hillock 1 || signal-> || 10 || signals __________: || branches || of || numerous || neurons || converging || on || one || neuron ____ || different || neuron(s) || converge || into || __ || neuron(s) || and || have || a || much || stronger || effect || as || a || result || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Convergence 10 || neurons || converge || into || 1 || neuron CNS || includes || - || Correct || answers || ✔ brain || and || spinal || cord, || but || NOT || the || cranial || nerves Peripheral || nervous || system || includes || the || _________ || & || ___________ || ________. || Spinal || Nerves || branch || out || of || and || off || of || the || ________ || _______. || Connections || going || to || the || spinal || cord || can || carry || __________/___________/________ || pathways || or || can || conduct || from || the || brain/spinal || cord || back || to || the || muscle || or || gland || via || a || ________/___________/___________ || pathway. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ PNS: || includes || the || brain || & || spinal || cord spinal || cord
sensory/ascending/afferent efferent/motor/descending/outgoing ____________: || signal || going || up || to || the || brain ____________: || signal || going || back || down || from || the || brain || out || into || the || skeletal || muscle || or || gland Pathways: || ___________ || ascending, || going || up || to || the || brain ____________ || descending, || going || down || to || the || brain || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Sensory Motor Afferent Efferent What || nervous || system || is || comprised || of || motor || and || sensory || pathways || regulating || voluntary, || conscious || motor || control || of || skeletal || muscle? || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Somatic || nervous || system What || nervous || system || is || comprised || of || motor || and || sensory || pathways || regulating || the || body's || internal || environment || through || involuntary || control || of || visceral || or || gut || instinct || organ || systems? || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Autonomic || Nervous || System The || ANS || regulates || ___________ || & || __________ || __________ || that || you || don't || have || conscious || awareness || of, || and || it || is || regulated || to || control || ___________ || and || _________ || tone. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ glands || and || smooth || muscle secretions vasomotor The || ANS || is || made || up || of || two || parts: || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Sympathetic, || parasympathetic
focal || pressure || i.e. || __________________ || - || Correct || answers || ✔ distal, || swelling, || myelin || sheath, || hypertrophy i.e. || sitting || on || the || toilet, || your || legs || can || experience || this || where || the || seat || is || pushing || up || on || your || leg In || Wallerian || degeneration, || proximal || to || the || injury || toward || where || the || cell || body || would || be || you || will || experience: || _________ || & || dispersal || of || the || ________ || substance The || cell || _________ || in || metabolic || activity, || protein || synthesis, || and || ____________ || activity || in || preparation || for || regrowth || of || __________ || segment. || There || will || be || new || ____________ || ____________ || projecting || from || the || proximal || segment. || This || occurs || if || __________________________________________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ swelling, || Nissl increases, || mitochondrial || proximal || terminal || sprouts there || is || not || enough || damage || to || cause || destruction || of || the || entire || neuron The || process || of || Wallerian || degeneration || and || regrowth || is || limited || to || the || __________ || ___________ || which || are || generally || only || in || the || ________ || nervous || system. || If || brain || tissue/spinal || cord || is || damaged, || it || is || _____________________________________. || It || depends || on || the || ____________, || type || of || injury, || inflammatory || response, || and || ________ || __________ || _____________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ myelinated || axons peripheral || nervous || system not || regenerated/able || to || regrow || and || sustain || self location, || scar || tissue || formation Neurons || generate || and || conduct || __________ || & || __________ || ____________ || by || selectively || changing || the || ______________ || _____________- || of || their || plasma || membranes || and || influencing || other || nearby || neurons || by || the || release || of || __________________-. || It || is || an || all ||
or || none || response. || It || is || a || way || of || sending || a || message || or || it || can || be || interpreted || as || an || _________ || or || specific || feeling. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ electrical || & || chemical || impulses electrical || potential || neurotransmitters intensity A || _____________ || is || a || connection || between || 2 || adjacent || neurons. || If || conducting || an || AP || from || one || neuron || to || the || next, || it || is || done || via || a || __________. || _____________ || are || transmitted || across || the || synapse || by || chemical || and || electrical || conduction. || This || is || done || at || the || __________ || __________ || v. || ______ || _____________ || transmission. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ synapse synapse Impulses synaptic || cleft || v. || gap || junction || transmission __________ || neurons || are || neurons || leading || to || the || synapse || i.e. || they || are || __________ || to || the || synapse. || ____________neurons || are || neurons || distal || to || the || synapse. || The || ___________ || _________ || is || the || junction || between || 2 || neurons || that || form || the || given || synapse || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Presynaptic going || to || the || synapse Postsynaptic || neurons synaptic || cleft A || _________ || synapse || is || where || the || presynaptic || neuron || releases || a || chemical || into || the || junction || between || 2 || neurons || aka || synaptic || cleft || and || that || diffusion || would || carry || the || chemical || across || the || cleft || to || the || __________________ || ____________, || where || it || would || bind || to || receptors || on || the || postsynaptic || neuron's || side, || where || those || receptors || would || typically || open || ______ || ______________ || that || are || ____________ || or || _______________ || and
enough || to || reach || ____________, || an || AP || will || develop, || but || if || not, || nothing || happens. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Summation local threshold ____________ || summation: || 1 || release || of || neurotransmitter || and || a || 2nd || of || 3rd || binding || rapidly || enough || that || they || add || up || over || time || to || have || a || significant || effect. || These || are || _________ || occurring, || the || ______ || they || occur || is || close || in || proximity || to || potentially || allow || for || summation. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Temporal || summation rapidly || time ____________ || summation: || 3 || different || receptors || all || getting || bound || at || the || same || time || all || cause || depolarization. || They || are || ____________ || close || enough || together || that || they || can || add || up || as || well || over || __________ || & || ____________. || The || receptors || are || close || enough || in || __________ || that || they're || able || to || sum || together || and || potentially || add || up || to || create || an || AP. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Spatial locally || close || enough distance || and || space space All || drugs || of || abuse || to || date || target || a || ___________. || They || target || a || __________ || on || a || neuron || that || leads || to || the || high. || Each || of || these || proteins || have || been || shown || to || be || involved || in || _____________ || ___________. || Different || drugs || affect || different || neurotransmitters. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ protein receptor synaptic || transmission
___________- || ____________ || ___________- || where || the || protein || receptors || directly || changed || are || affected. || At || first || these || systems || start || like || _______ || _________ || __________ || where || a || chemical || ligand || binds || to || a || receptor || on || the || outside || of || the || cell, || which || then || opens || up || an || ion || channel, || but || not || second || messenger || systems. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ 2nd || messenger || systems ligand || gated || channels In || SMS, || upon || binding || to || a || ___________, || they || stimulate || the || creation || of || an || ____________ || which || then || effects/creates || a || ___________ || __________ || within || the || cell || which || can || then || have || effects || on || many || other || _____________ || and || targets || within || the || cell, || which || is || a || way || of || ____________ || that || message || from || the || _____________ || in || and || this || is || also || a || way || of || having || many || different || effects || based || on || simply || on || receptor || being || bound. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ receptor enzyme SM enzymes amplifying outside Remember || that || _________ || cannot || cross || the || plasma || membrane || and || use || a || ____________ || to || send || the || signal || across. || This || signal || is || generally || a || _________ || ___________ || __________ || such || as || _____, || _______, || ________, || ___________ || or || Ca. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ proteins, || receptor cAMP, || cGMP, || DAG, || phosphatidylinositol || phosphate || PIP, || or || Ca A || receptor || is || required || for || ____________ || & || _____________ || ____________ || to || cross || the || plasma || membrane, || otherwise || they || won't. || SMS || occurs || bc || the || ________ || ______________ || wasn't || able || to || directly || enter || into || the || cell. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ proteins || & || charged || particles first || messenger
___________ || _____________ || _______________ || the || cell || with || multiple || effects || as || a || result. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ binds || on || the || outside second || messenger inside cascade || effect || inside || the || cell Opioids || acutely || __________ || the || effectiveness || of || _________ || production || via || SMS || causing || the || high. || As || opioids || are || used, || you || get || a || _____________ || in || SM || production, || which || causes || the || high || in || the || brain. || Overtime || if || you || keep || taking || same || amount || you || will || get || less || of || an || effect || i.e. || ____________. || Will || have || to || start || taking || little || more || to || get || same || effect. || If || you || stop || taking || the || drug || all || together, || you || will || get || a || _________ || in || SM || levels || in || the || cell || which || causes || the || pain || and || discomfort || of || w/d. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ reduce, || cAMP decrease dependence rise Over || time || this || reduction || becomes || less || and || less || pronounced || until || it || reaches || pre-use || levels || i.e. || ___________, || - || Correct || answers || ✔ dependence ________ || _________ || in || the || brain || can || "learn" || via || stimulating || rewarding || behaviors || such || as || eating || pleasurable || foods || etc. || These || reward || pathways || are || implicated || in || compulsive || behaviors. || As || you || get || feelings || of || high || or || well-being, || they || link || to || ________ || _________ || in || the || brain. || When || a || behavior || is || seen || as || good, || the || brain || _________ || the || seeking || behavior || and || we || will || do || it || again || and || have || a || strong || ___________ || of || those || events || i.e. || where || food/water || was. || ___________ || do || this || even || more || strongly || which || puts || stress || on || the || brain || to || try || and || seek || the || experience || again. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Reward || patheways reward || center stimulates memory
Drugs ___________ || ____________ || are || the || key || to || explaining || why || drug || cravings || can || be || so || intense || even || years || after || last || drug || use, || linked || to || places, || smell, || events, || and || other || triggers || of || relapse. || They || are || located || in || the || __________ || ______________ || i.e. || the || amygdala, || hippocampus, || and || frontal || cortex. || Reward || pathways || and || memory || is || how || you || can || quit || smoking || years || ago || but || something || triggers || the || memory || and || you || will || crave || cigarettes || based || on || _____________ || ____________. || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Reward || pathways limbic || system synaptic || potentiation Reward || pathways || are/are || not || in || one || particular || spot. || Reward || pathways: || ___________-memories __________ || ___________- || judgment, || seeking || out || rewards ______________-emotions || - || Correct || answers || ✔ hippocampus || memories prefrontal || cortex amygdala Neurotransmitters: || _______________, || biogenic || amines || i.e. || ________& || _________ || which || at || a || synapse || would || be || considered || neurotransmitters, || but || if || released || from || the || _________ || ___________ || into || the || blood || would || be || considered || a || hormone || and || cause || a || hormonal || effect, || dopamine, || serotonin, || histamine, || purine, || amino || acids: || GABA, || Glutamate, || Glycine, || __________ || __________ || i.e. || nitric || oxide || and || carbon || monoxide, || - || Correct || answers || ✔ Ach, || epi || & || Norepi adrenal || glands dissolved || gasses
