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BIO || 669 || Patho || - || Quiz || 6 || Renal || exam || with ||
verified || solutions
What || area || do || the || kidneys || lay || in? || - || Correct || answer || ✔The || retroperitoneal || cavity || which || is || behind || the || abdominal || cavity. Structure || that || covers || the || kidneys? || - || Correct || answer || ✔renal || capsule Kidneys || are || further || wrapped || in || adipose || tissue || then: || - || Correct || answer || ✔a || double || layer || of || connective || tissue || called || renal || fasca. What || is || the || area || where || the || renal || vessels || and || ureter || exit || and || enter? || - || Correct || answer || ✔hilum. The || center || of || the || concave || portion || of || the || kidney. If || lose || significant || amount || of || body || weight || can || end || up || having || difficulty || with || kidneys || bc: || - || Correct || answer || ✔bc || fat || pad || that || surrounds || kidneys || can || be || used || up || and || cause || kidneys || to || drop || inferiorly || (ptosis). || Leads || to || kinking || of || ureter || or || renal || vessels. Kidney || extends || beneath || ____ || rib || to || level || of || ____ || __________ || vertebrae. || - || Correct || answer || ✔12th || rib; 3rd || lumbar || vertebrae. Which || kidney || is || lower || and || why? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || right || kidney || is || lower || bc || liver
Outer || portion || of || kidney? || - || Correct || answer || ✔cortex what || is || contained || in || the || cortex? || - || Correct || answer || ✔glomeruli || and || beginning || of || nephrons || including || glomerulus, || Bowman's || capsule || or || renal || corpuscle. function || of || cortex? || - || Correct || answer || ✔starts || filtration || process inner || layer || of || kidney || - || Correct || answer || ✔medulla. Structures || contained || in || the || medulla: || - || Correct || answer || ✔renal || pyramids, || loop || of || henle, || vaso || recta. these || set || up || the || concentration || gradient || = || concentrate || urine. Where || do || the || collecting || ducts || pass || through? || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || renal || pyramids || and || exit || facing || toward || the || hilus. Tip || of || renal || pyramid || is || called: || - || Correct || answer || ✔papilla. where || fluid || and || urine || will || leak/drip || out || from || renal || pyramid || into || collective || funnel || shape || structures || = || calyces. Major || calyces || combine || to || form: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || renal || pelvis. || It || exits || out || the || hilum || to || form || the || ureter. What || is || the || functional || unit || of || the || kidney? || - || Correct || answer || ✔nephron
describe || the || glomerulus: || - || Correct || answer || ✔ball || of || capillaries || with || pores || (set || up || well || to || filter || fluid || out || of || the || capillary). Approx. || ______% || of || the || plasma || that || goes || through || glomerulus || will || be || filtered || out || of || the || vessel. || - || Correct || answer || ✔20%. Gets || collected || in || Bowman's || capsule/space. Mesangial || cells || help || to: || - || Correct || answer || ✔keep || glomerulus || together || by || secreting || the || extracellular || matrix. describe || the || mesangial || matrix || - || Correct || answer || ✔part || connective || tissue || as || secrete || matrix, || part || smooth || muscle || to || control || BP, || and || part || immune || cell || as || they || are || phagocytic. mesangial || cells || also || secrete || - || Correct || answer || ✔secrete || cytokines || and || signaling || molecules || that || play || significant || role || in || filtration, || renal || blood || flow, || and || retention || of || Na+ || and || other || substances. Bowman's || space/capsule || function: || - || Correct || answer || ✔Covers || and || surrounds || glomerulus. || Contains || and || captures || any || fluid || that || leaks || out || glomerulus. principal || vs || intercalated || cells: || - || Correct || answer || ✔Principal || cells || - || reabsorb || Na+ || and || secrete || K+ || in || distal || tubule || (Sensitive || to || aldosterone, || carry || out || overall || effect || of || aldosterone.) || Intercalated || cells || - || secrete || H+ || and || reabsorb || K+ || and || HCO3- More || involved || in || acid-base
Plasma || that || exits || Bowman's || capsule/space || is || done || via: || - || Correct || answer || ✔prox || con || tubule combo || of || what || 2 || things || = || renal || corpuscle || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bowman's || capsule || and || glomerulus closest, || curvy, || wavy || that || is || connected || to || Bowman's || capsule || - || Correct || answer || ✔prox || con || tubule describe || distal || con || tubule || - || Correct || answer || ✔much || further || away || from || way || fluid || will || flow. || But || makes || way || back || to || renal || corpuscle || as || it || lies || b/t || afferent/efferent || arterioles || which || ends || up || putting || together || juxtaglomerular || apparatus || where || distal || with || macula || densa || is || connected || in || right || next || to || the || afferent || arterioles || and || juxtaglomerular || cells. capillary || bed || that || has || both || afferent/efferent || arterioles. || Not || arteriole || and || venule || - || Correct || answer || ✔glomerulus. || Creates || increased || pressure || in || glomerular || bed || which || further || enhances || filtration. || No || lymphatic's. || Any || fluid || leaked || out || of || glomerulus || is || drained || by || proximal || con. || Tubule. Afferent || arteriole || has || the || _____________________ || which || are || important || for || secreting || renin || (significant || effects || on || BP || and || heart). || - || Correct || answer || ✔juxtaglomerular || cells Jux || cells || are || also || sensitive || to || changes || in: || - || Correct || answer || ✔pressure || so || help || regulate || smooth || muscle || constriction || and || adjust || renal || blood || flow.
describe || shape || of || descending || loop || of || henle || - || Correct || answer || ✔Descending || loop || of || henle || = || starts || off || with || a || thick || limb || and || goes || to || thin || limb. descending || loop || of || henle || has || ability || of: || - || Correct || answer || ✔water || permeability. As || go || deeper || to || the || papilla || and || end || of || the || medulla, || the || concentration || gets || - || Correct || answer || ✔higher || = || saltier || and || saltier. || Enhances || water || reabsorption. As || turn || as || bottom || of || loop || of || henle || and || start || to || ascend, || the || changes/properties || are || that: || - || Correct || answer || ✔no || longer || permeable || to || water. || Water || here || will || stay || and || will || reach || thick || ascending || limb || of || henle || = || actively || transporting || sodium || out || of || the || loop || of || henle || here. || Causes || loss || of || salt, || retention || of || water. Starts || changing || concentration || of || ascending || loop. concentration || by || time || reach || distal || con || tubule: || - || Correct || answer || ✔much || sodium || removed, || dilute || solution || of || most || water. || Osmolality || now || 100 || mOsm || (plasma || started || at || 300 || mOsm). || Three || times || more || dilute || from || solute || concentration || by || time || reach || distal || con || tubule. The || distal || con || tubule || and || collecting || ducts || are || susceptible || to || changes || by || - || Correct || answer || ✔ADH If || ADH || present, || will || incorporate || - || Correct || answer || ✔aquaporins || that || are || permeable || to || water. ||
Placed || into || membrane || in || distal || con || tubule || and || collecting || duct. || As || water || starts || to || move || out || of || the || distal || con || tubule || and || out || collecting || ducts, || much || of || the || water || becomes || preserved. As || further || down || collecting || duct || into || medulla, || becomes || - || Correct || answer || ✔saltier || and || more || water || is || pulled || out. || By || time || reach || papilla, || have || very || concentrated || urine || as || 1400 || mOsm. components || of || the || glomerular || filtration || membrane: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || inner || capillary || endothelium.
- || basement || membrane.
- || outer || capillary || epithelium. thin || connective || tissue || layer || of || the || Glomerular || filtration || membrane. || - || Correct || answer || ✔basement || membrane wall || of || capillary || itself. || - || Correct || answer || ✔inner || capillary || endothelium. contains || podocytes: || - || Correct || answer || ✔outer || capillary || epithelium. describe || podocytes: || - || Correct || answer || ✔fit || one || inside || other, || forms || like || a || zipper. || Space || b/t || epithelial || cells || that || allows || for || filtration || = || Filtration || slits. filtration || slits || allow || for: || - || Correct || answer || ✔movement || of || small || molecules || = || Na+, || glucose || to || exit; || prevents || large || molecules || = || proteins, || blood, || globulins, || albumin || from || exiting || vasculature.
Distal || con || tubule || helps || to || match || up || next || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔afferent || arteriole Jux || cells || combine || the || distal || con || tubule || & || afferent || arteriole, || and || whole || group || helps || to || control || - || Correct || answer || ✔renin || blood || flow || and || overall || BP || and || volume Jux || apparatus || also || has || podocytes || and || visceral || epithelium || that || create: || - || Correct || answer || ✔filtration || slits || that || allow || for || movement || of || fluid || and || small || molecules || through || slits, || but || retain || large || molecules || within || the || vasculature. Anything || that || exits || out || of || the || glomerulus, || will || be || captured || in || - || Correct || answer || ✔Bowman's || space || and || this || is || drained || by || the || proximal || con || tubule. another || term || for || jux || cells: || - || Correct || answer || ✔granular || cells. jux || apparatus || regulates: || - || Correct || answer || ✔salt || and || fluid || balance. renal || tubules || include: || - || Correct || answer || ✔-prox || con || tubule. -loop || of || henle. -distal || con || tubule. -collecting || duct ____________ || starts || process || with || filtration || (pressure || of || fluid || against || membrane/forcing || fluid || against || it || and || separating || substances || from || fluid || based || on || size). || - || Correct || answer || ✔glomerulus Once || filtered || out || into || Bowman's || capsule, || fluid || enters || - || Correct || answer || ✔prox || con || tubule
prox || con || tubule || cell || characteristics: || - || Correct || answer || ✔brush || border. || small || villi || increase || surface || area || which || increases || absorption || of || nutrients || into || the || cell || and || into || bloodstream. || Way || of || preserving || glucose, || vitamins, || minerals || and || wanted || substances. Of || amount || of || fluid || filtered || at || glomerulus, || about || ______% || of || fluid || and || substances || will || be || reabsorbed || through || overall || process || of || ___________ || and || _____________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔99%. tubules || and || collecting || duct. Once || gone || past || prox || con || tubule, || urine || is || - || Correct || answer || ✔is || concentrated, || extract || more || water || at || the || loop || of || Henle. Allows || water || to || leave || in || the || descending || loop || and || actively || transport || sodium || out || in || the || ascending || loop. At || distal || con || tubule || & || collecting || duct, || have || opportunity || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔leave || urine || diluted || at || 100 || mOsm || or || can || put || in || aquaporins || d/t || ADH || to || allow || for || water || to || leave || urine || to || be || reabsorbed || back || into || the || kidneys || and || bloodstream. blood || vessels || in || the || kidneys || include: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || interlobar || arteries.
- || arcuate || arteries.
- || glomerular || capillaries.
- || peritubular || capillaries.
- || vasa || recta.
- || renal || veins.
As || vasa || recta || goes || deeper || in || medulla, || it || is || able || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔able || to || equalize || blood || with || surrounding || concentration || gradient. || called || countercurrent || exchanger || = || by || having || slow || blood || flow || deep || in || medulla || and || back || up || to || surface || to || arcuit || vein || = || maintains || concentration || gradient || created || by || loop || of || henle. creates || this || gradient || by || actively || pumping || sodium || out || of || the || ascending || loop || of || henle: || by || active || transport || of || sodium || creates || the || concentration || gradient. The || renal || veins || and || arteries || distribute || into || _______________ || veins/arteries || then || into || _____________ || veins/arteries || and || finally || into || _________________ || veins || and || arteries || plus || the || __________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔interlobar || veins/arteries || --> || arcuate || veins/arteries || --> || cortical || radiate || veins/arteries || --> || vaso || recta length || of || ureters || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 30 || cm || long ureters || are || long, || intertwining || _____________. || - || Correct || answer || ✔smooth || muscle || bundles ureters || pass || obliquely || through: || - || Correct || answer || ✔posterior || aspect || of || bladder describe || the || activity || of || the || ureters || - || Correct || answer || ✔peristaltic || activity. act || of || peeing || - || Correct || answer || ✔micturition Micturition || compresses: || - || Correct || answer || ✔the || lower || end || of || the || ureter || to || avoid || urine || reflux.
What || occurs || when || the || bladder || starts || to || contract? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Tresor || muscle || contracts || to || force || urine || out || of || the || urethra. || Bc || part || of || the || ureter || is || within || the || bladder || when || it || contracts || --> || it || pinches || off, || blocks/compresses || lower || end || of || the || ureter || to || prevent || pressure || from || pushing || urine || back || into || ureter. Once || fluid || collected || at || renal || papilla, || drains || into || - || Correct || answer || ✔calyces || that || combine || to || form || renal || pelvis || where || urine || will || collect || and || drain || out || through || the || ureters. Ureters || have || _____________________ || inside || that || helps || to || allow || for || urine || to || pass || through || and || prevent || formation || of || kidney || stones. || - || Correct || answer || ✔Have || uroendothelium _________________________ || helps || set || up || peristalsis || - || Correct || answer || ✔smooth || muscle. has || electrical || connections || one || to || another, || when || contract || one || area, || passes || as || wave || down || ureter || to || create || peristaltic || activity || to || move || urine || down || to || bladder. 2 || important || components || of || the || bladder || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || destrusor || muscle || - || within || walls || of || bladder.
- || trigone || - || smooth || area || b/t || 2 || exiting || hole || of || ureters || and || entrance || of || urethra. || Different || embryological || tissue. The || urethra || has || internal || and || external || - || Correct || answer || ✔sphincters. Length || of || urethra || in || females || vs || males: || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 3 || to || 4 || cm || in || females: || why || women || more || prone || to || UTIs. || Arise || from || pathogens || in || external || environment || that || go || through || urethra || to || the || bladder.
Decreased || RBF || = || ________________ || GFR || - || Correct || answer || ✔increases. Decreased. Kidneys || trying || to || achieve || steady || states || of || both || by || using || lot || of || local || control. || As || BP || rises, || increases || capillary || hydrostatic || pressure || and || GFR, || but || in || order || to || offset || this, || smooth || muscle || in || renal || arteries || begin || to || constrict || to || help || keep || RBF || and || GFR || relatively || consistent. neural || regulation || includes || ____________ || that || regulate || size || of || afferent || and || efferent || arterioles, || thus || renal || blood || flow || - || Correct || answer || ✔sympathetic. SNS || can || cause || decrease || in || renal || blood || flow. || Does || by || regulating || size. || By || decreasing || efferent || arterioles || = || increases || pressure || by || promoting || more || urine || loss. If || releasing || Epi || systemically, || you're || trying || to || shift || blood || flow || to || other || areas. || Would || get || less || RBF. || No || significant || parasympathetic || regulation Renalase || by || heart || and || kidney || promotes || - || Correct || answer || ✔catecholamine || breakdown hormones || that || affect || RBF || include: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || RAAS.
- || natriuretic || peptides. if || have || genetic || predisposition || to || increased || renin || release || or || change || in || setpoint || of || amount || renin || release. || Leads || to || changes || in || - || Correct || answer || ✔heart, || CV || and || BP. ||
Short || and || long || term || feedback || to || renin || release Sensed || need || for || release || of || renin || by || - || Correct || answer || ✔Jux || cells || (when || senses || decrease || in || pressure || or || volume, || will || release || renin), || cardiac/atrial || baroreceptors, || MD major || driver || for || renin || release || - || Correct || answer || ✔Decreased || [Na+] || is || major || driver Natriuretic || peptides || - || released || by || - || Correct || answer || ✔atrium, || brain || or || kidneys. (C || type || - || have || opposing || effect || of || aldosterone || = || increase || sodium || loss || and || decrease || overall || blood || volume || & || BP). effect || of || the || natriuretic || peptide || urodilantin: || - || Correct || answer || ✔decrease || pressure || in || distal || nephron || and || increase || UOP Renal || waste || = || created/secreted || by || - || Correct || answer || ✔heart || and || kidneys renal || waste || tries || to || counteract || SNS || by || - || Correct || answer || ✔Tries || to || counteract || SNS || by || enhancing || breakdown || of || Epi, || dopa, || NE, || and || aldopa || (catecholamines) || and || limit || their || effects. AII || effects: || - || Correct || answer || ✔1. || adrenal || cortex || to || release || aldosterone. || sodium || retention
- || pituitary || to || release || ADH. || fluid || retention.
- || thirst || - || increased || blood || volume.
Oncotic || pressure || drops || (lack || protein, || liver || dz), || leads || to || decreased || - || Correct || answer || ✔leads || to || decreased || retention || of || fluid || in || vasculature, || increase || filtration || and || dehydration. Anything || that || affects || pressure || within || _____________- || or || ______________ || can || affect || filtration || - || Correct || answer || ✔bowman's || capsule || or || nephrons
. || If || backflow || in || ureters || and || blockages, || will || back || pressure || up || and || lead || to || - || Correct || answer || ✔hydronephrosis net || filtration || pressure || is || - || Correct || answer || ✔Glomerular || capillary || oncotic/hydrostatic || pressure filtration || rate || - || Correct || answer || ✔ 180 || L/day More || pressure || favoring || filtration || in || afferent || arteriole || bc || - || Correct || answer || ✔hydrostatic || pressure || at || 47 || (very || high) || and || overall || bowman's || space || hydrostatic || pressure || is || only || 10. Pressure || opposing || filtration || (osmotic || pressure || in || vasculature || and || bowman's || hydrostatic) || = || 35. || Net || = || 12 || forcing || fluid || out || in || Bowman's || space. At || efferent || arteriole, || that || has || decreased. || Increase || in || osmotic || pressure || bc || - || Correct || answer || ✔fluid || already || left || (retained || all || proteins || in || vasculature), || stronger || oncotic || pressure. || Decrease || in || capillary || hydrostatic || pressure || as || the || fluid || has || left. || Net || filtration || = || 0 || in || efferent || arteriole. Peritubular || capillary || = || sets || up || for || - || Correct || answer || ✔very || good || low || pressure || system || with || high || oncotic || pressure || that || favors || resorption || of || fluid || and || nutrients.
where || does || Active || reabsorption || of || sodium, || but || also || glucose, || vitamins, || minerals || and || urea || (only || 50% || of || urea || reabsorbed || here) || occur || - || Correct || answer || ✔prox || con || tubule what || is || Glomerulotubular || balance? || - || Correct || answer || ✔Adjustment || of || reabsorption || of || sodium || and || water || as || GFR || changes. As || GFR || drops, || higher || sodium || and || water || resorption. As || increases, || less || resorption. where || does || Concentration || or || dilution || of || urine || occur || - || Correct || answer || ✔Loop || of || Henle || and || distal || tubule Countercurrent || exchange || system || keyed || by || - || Correct || answer || ✔slow || flow || rate. Where || you || can || remove || lot || of || water || and || sodium. Of || amount || of || water || filtered, || 99% || will || be || reabsorbed || back || in || the || bloodstream. where || does || the || production || of || uromodulin || occur? || - || Correct || answer || ✔loop || of || henle || and || distal || tubule. Aka || Tam || horsefall || protein. || Serves || as || an || immunoprotein || that || helps || to || prevent || UTI || and || kidney || stones As || fluid || makes || way || out || of || glomerulus || in || proximal || con || tubule || = || plasma || minus || the || large || proteins || (_______________ || mixture). || - || Correct || answer || ✔isotonic
